CYANONEWS Volume 9 Number 1 January 1993 ============================================================================= CYANONEWS - a newsletter intended to provide cyanobacteriologists with a forum for rapid informal communication, unavailable through journals. Everything you read in this newsletter is contributed by readers like yourself. Published occasionally, about three times per year. SUBSCRIPTIONS - $10 or equivalent/year for a hard copy. Free by E-Mail. CONTRIBUTIONS - Expected every couple of years: a new result, an upcoming meeting or a summary of a past meeting, a post-doctoral opening, a new publication, a request for strains, a change of life... something. See last page for addresses you can send news to. HOW TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT SOMETHING YOU READ HERE -Contact the person whose name is capitalized in the news item. Addresses are given at the end of the issue. Also, a Directory of Cyanobacteriologists is distributed every two years. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS - Send news. COPYRIGHT - This newsletter is not copyrighted and no rights are reserved. You are encouraged to reproduce or to transmit any part of this publication by whatever means at your disposal, no permission required. ============================================================================= CONTENTS BULLETIN BOARD: * Meetings * Announcements * Positions available NEWS: * Genes encoding amino acid transporter, cyanoglobin found in nif region * Light-dependent movement isolates cyanobacteria * Phylogenetic inferences concerning prochlorophytes questioned * Immobilizing recalcitrant strain in calcium alginate * Key nitrogen regulator in Anabaena found twice? REFERENCES ADDRESSES ============================================================================= BULLETIN BOARD*BULLETIN BOARD*BULLETIN BOARD*BULLETIN BOARD*BULLETIN BOARD There has been a six month interval between this issue and the last, reflecting the difficulty in resuming normal operations in a new locale. Future issues should appear every four months or so, as previously. For many readers of this newsletter there has been a much longer interval since the last time they contributed NEWS! Please see the paragraph entitled "Contributions", at the top of the page! The 1993 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CYANOBACTERIA WORKSHOP is set for May 30 to Jun 2, at Asilomar State Park, California, U.S.A. Meals, lodging, and registration is U.S.$203. Contact: Arthur Grossman, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Dept. of Plant Biology, 290 Panama St., Stanford, CA 94305-1297 U.S.A. (Tel) 415- 325-1521. (Fax) 415-325-6857. (E-Mail) w5.c38@Stanford.Bitnet A WORKSHOP devoted to "Major ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEXES in photosynthesis and respiration - structure & function, similarities & interactions" will be held in Gmunden, Austria, Aug 1-5, 1993. It is scheduled as a satellite meeting to the 11th International Biophysics Congress in Budapest Jul 25-30, 1993. The satellite meeting will focus on several topics of interest to prokaryotic and eukaryotic photosynthesis and respiration. The registration fee of �.S. 4,952 includes meals and accommodations. Contact: G.A. Peschek, Institut f�r Physikalische Chemie der Universit�t Wien, A-1090 Wien, W�hringer Str. 42, Austria. (Tel) 011-43-1-343616 (FAX) 011-43-1-3104597. In the midst of the annual meeting of the Phycological Society of America will be a COLLOQUIUM ON ALGAL BIOTECHNOLOGY, Aug 3-4, 1993, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, U.S.A. The focus of the meeting will be the future of microalgal biotechnology and emerging technologies. The three sections of the colloquium will highlight: (1) industrial use of algae, (2) the search for natural products and bioactive compounds, and (3) molecular techniques for manipulating cyanobacteria, Chlamydomonas, and other algae. It is hoped the colloquium will provide a means by which those applying algal biotechnology and those developing new techniques can cross fertilize. Contact: Tom Allnutt, Martek Biosciences, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD 21405 U.S.A. (Tel) 410-740-0081. (Fax) 410-740-2985 The PROCEEDINGS ON NATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON CYANOBACTERIAL NITROGEN FIXATION, held in New Delhi, Jan 29-31, 1990 is now available. The book of 547 pages collects full sized articles on four subjects: physiology and biochemistry, molecular biology and biotechnology, agricultural and industrial uses, and environmental biology. The cost of the proceedings is $20 (U.S.) plus $6 postage as registered air mail. Contact: B.D. Kaushik, National Facility for Blue-Green Algal Collection, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, INDIA. POSITIONS AVAILABLE POSITION: Post-doc CONTACT: Jim Golden, Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258 U.S.A. (Tel) 409-845-9823. (FAX) 409-845-2891. (E-mail) jgolden@bio.tamu.edu RESEARCH: Genetics and molecular biology of heterocyst differentiation and nitrogen fixation. SUPPORT: Only one year of support can be guaranteed. Applicants who are prepared to apply for their own postdoc fellowship will be receive greatest attention. SUBMIT: C.V., a brief description of research interests, names of at least three references (include their addresses, telephone, fax, and E-mail numbers) START: Immediately ------------------------------------------------------------------------ POSITION: Post-doc CONTACT: Carl Johnson, Dept. of Biology, Box 1812-B, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 U.S.A. (E-Mail) JohnsonC@Vuctrvax.Bitnet RESEARCH: Study the cell/molecular basis of circadian rhythmicity in cyanobacteria and/or Chlamydomonas. The project involves (1) identifying and characterizing rhythmically-expressed genes, and (2) discovering and characterizing mutants of the circadian clock. REQUIREMENTS: Experience with molecular genetic techniques, esp. subtractive hybridization, mutagenesis, DNA sequencing, PCR, etc. is highly desirable. SALARY: Approximately $20,000 (U.S.) for at least two years of support. SUBMIT: Statement of experience and goals, resume, names, addresses, phone numbers of three references. START: June 1, 1993. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ POSITION: Post-doc CONTACT: Avigad Vonshak or Sammy Boussiba, The Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, The Jacob Blaustein Institute for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University, Sede-Boker Campus 84990, Israel. (Tel) 57-565825. (Fax) 57-555058. (E-Mail) Avigad@Bgumail.Bgu.Ac.IL RESEARCH: Study the interaction between carotenogenesis, photosynthesis and respiration in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis. H. pluvialis, a green biflagellate unicellular alga can be induced to accumulate massive amounts of astaxanthin. This accumulation is associated with a developmental change in the alga to form a red large spore. PERTINENT ARTICLE: Plant & Cell Physiol 32: 1077-82, 1991 REQUIREMENTS: Qualified persons with background in either algal physiology, photosynthesis, protein biochemistry, are encouraged to apply. SUBMIT: Three letters of references should be mailed directly to A.V. or S.B. SALARY: Will include a monthly payment of $1,000 and cost of air-fare ticket. START: As soon as possible ------------------------------------------------------------------------ POSITION: Post-doc CONTACT: F. Robert Tabita, Dept. Microbiology, The Ohio State University, 484 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1192 U.S.A. (FAX) 614-292-6337. (E-Mail) rtabita@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu RESEARCH: Study the structure, function, assembly, and regulation of Rubisco and its interaction with chaperonin proteins and other proteins that influence Rubisco function. Both biochemical and molecular approaches are employed, and a significant component of the work will entail the design and expression of mutant forms of recombinant enzyme. PERTINENT ARTICLES: Biochem (1992) 31:519-525; Biochem (1992) 31:5553-5560; Biochem (1991) 30:8181-8186; J Bacteriol (1991) 173:2099-2108; J Bacteriol (1992) 174:3607-3611 SUBMIT: Updated CV, names of three references. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ POSITION: Anticipated tenure-track position. Exceptional candidates will be considered for appointment at the Associate Professor level. CONTACT: Richard Crain, Chair, Biochemistry Search Committee, The University of Connecticut, U-125, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Storrs, CT 06269-3125 U.S.A. (E-Mail: Crain@UConnVm.UConn.Edu) REQUIREMENTS: Significant postdoctoral experience. Expected to establish a strong, extramurally-funded research program in the general area of protein science. Applicants who combine biochemical and physical biochemical approaches are of particular interest. SUBMIT: C.V., reprints or preprints of major publications, statement summarizing research accomplishments and future plans, at least three letters of recommendation. DEADLINE: Review of applications will begin February 15, 1993. START: September 1, 1993 NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEW GENES ENCODING AMINO ACID TRANSPORTER, CYANOGLOBIN FOUND IN NIF REGION MARTIN MULLIGAN informs us of provocative results stemming from his recent sequencing of the region upstream of nifB in Anabaena PCC 7120. The sequenced region lies at the boundary of a large segment of DNA containing genes involved in nitrogenase synthesis and maturation. Two or possibly three open reading frames (ORFs) were found oriented away from nifB. The first ORF is highly homologous to amino-acid transport proteins, in particular to ArcD from Pseudomonas and, less so, to a membrane protein recognized by a mouse retrovirus. ArcD is postulated to be an arginine/ornithine antiport protein, and the viral receptor is known to transport neutral amino acids. Hydropathy plots indicate that the ORF codes for an integral membrane protein, as would be expected for a transporter. The location of the ORF near the nif genes might recall to mind predictions that there should be transport systems between cells along the filament mediating the transfer of nitrogenous compounds, perhaps induced by nitrogen deprivation [e.g. Haselkorn R (1978) Annu Rev Plant Physiol 29:319- 344]. Previously described transport systems for basic amino acids in Anabaena PCC 7120 are not inducible [Herrero A, Flores E (1990) J Biol Chem 265:3931-3935]. M.L. Montesinos, Antonia Herrero, and ENRIQUE FLORES now tell us that they have characterized two transport systems for neutral amino acids, also non-inducible, in Anabaena PCC 7120 and in derivatives mutated in one or both systems. It is of course unclear whether the gene discovered by Mulligan corresponds to any of these non-inducible systems or to some presently unknown activity. MARTIN MULLIGAN also found in Nostoc MUN 8820a gene encoding a myoglobin- like protein, called cyanoglobin. Such a gene (glbN) was previously described in Nostoc commune [Potts et al (1992) Nature 256:1690-1691], but it is not generally found in heterocystous cyanobacteria. The two genes are similar but not identical and in each case is located between nifU and nifH. It would be nice to know if the presence or absence of cyanoglobin in a cyanobacterium is related to some ecological need, but unfortunately, the history of Nostoc MUN 8820 is obscure. It was derived from a culture obtained several years from the G�ttingen culture collection (SAG), labelled Oscillatoria tenuis 1459-4, but the designation is clearly inaccurate. The true source of Nostoc MUN 8820 is probably lost forever. LIGHT-DEPENDENT MOVEMENT ISOLATES CYANOBACTERIA Nola de Chazal and GEOFF SMITH have developed a quick and powerful method for isolating cyanobacteria (Appl Environ Microbiol (1992) 58:3561-3566). It is based on the variable light-dependency of movement of cyanobacteria on scored agar plates or through an agar overlay. They have used this method to isolate a number of organisms from the hot desert region of Australia and from tropical Indonesia. Interestingly, many of the organisms isolated in Indonesia were brown whereas all organisms isolated from the desert area of Australia were blue-green. Amongst the organisms isolated from Indonesia is an interesting Synechocystis that is an alkalinophile, rendered uni-algal by growth in high bicarbonate at pH 10. They have also isolated apparently endolithic cyanobacteria from shell valves from two shell mounds on the Cape York peninsula of Australia. The shell valves, when examined microscopically, showed microborings on the interior surface. Cyanobacteria were found from all genera, including Synechocystis, Dermocarpa, Xenococcus, Myxosarcina, Chroococcidiopsis, Pleurocapsa, LPP group B, Anabaena, Nostoc, Scytonema, and Fischerella. All of these were blue-green. PHYLOGENETIC INFERENCES CONCERNING PROCHLOROPHYTES QUESTIONED As described in the February 1992 issue of CyanoNews, most of the analyses published so far of sequences from prochlorophytes suggest that they do not share common ancestry with chloroplasts to the exclusion of cyanobacteria, i.e., that they do not represent the "chloroplast ancestor". CHRIS HOWE warns that the results of the analyses should be treated with some caution, because the data violates an important (although not always explicit) assumption of phylogenetic inference techniques: that base composition remains constant over time. This assumption is clearly not valid, as chloroplast genomes have a higher AT-bias than prochlorophytes and cyanobacteria. A consequence of this violation is that sequences with similar bias in base composition will group artificially closely in phylogenetic trees, and sequences with different bias will be grouped further apart. One might therefore expect prochlorophytes to be placed further from chloroplasts than actual evolutionary relationships would dictate. Work done by Howe in collaboration with colleagues in Sydney and elsewhere [Lockhart PJ et al (1992), J Mol Evol 34:153-162] suggests that this phenomenon may have misled analysis of the evolutionary position of the cyanelle of Cyanophora paradoxa. Like chloroplasts, this organelle has a highly AT-biased genome. Phylogenetic inference groups it with chloroplasts, unless the least biased codon positions of the least biased genes are used, in which case it is grouped with cyanobacteria. The apparent paradox points out that one should check carefully to see if sequence data fits the assumptions of the analytical techniques before relying on their conclusions. IMMOBILIZING RECALCITRANT STRAIN IN CALCIUM ALGINATE PAUL P. JACKSON and BRIAN WHITTON were trying to immobilize a strain of Synechococcus (D562) that was isolated from a mine tailings pond in Missouri, because of its possible use in removing cadmium from effluents. They found that a range of cyanobacteria were able to grow immobilized in calcium alginate beads, but not Synechococcus D562 (wouldn't you know it). They solved the problem by supplementing sodium alginate with 5 mM KCl before the addition of the cell suspension and subsequent transfer of the droplets of this mixture to calcium chloride. It may be that adding KCl works with Synechococcus D562 because of the relatively high K:Na ratio (1.2 to 1 on a molar basis) found in water at the site from which the strain was isolated. Even so, they recommend the use of KCl to anyone having difficulties immobilizing a cyanobacterium in calcium alginate. KEY NITROGEN REGULATOR IN ANABAENA FOUND TWICE? Two groups, J.E. Frias, I. Luque, A. Merida, Antonia Herrero, and ENRIQUE FLORES (Universidad de Sevilla) on one hand and T.S. Ramasubramanian, Tai-Fen Wei, and JIM GOLDEN (Texas A&M University) on the other, appear to have both cloned a gene from Anabaena PCC 7120 important in mediating the regulation of genes in response to nitrogen status. The Sevilla group cloned the gene by its homology to ntcA, a gene from Synechococcus PCC 7942 previously found to be required for full expression several proteins subject to ammonium repression [Vega-Palas MA et al (1992) Molec Microbiol 6:1853-1859]. The Texas A&M group reached the same end from a study of a protein, called BifA (formerly VF1), found in extracts of vegetative cells of Anabaena PCC 7120 and known to bind to regions upstream from glnA (encoding glutamine synthetase) and other genes [Chastain CJ et al (1990) J Bacteriol 172:5044-5051]. A clone of the gene encoding BifA was selected by making use of the ability of BifA to bind in E. coli to the glnA upstream region. Both groups sequenced the gene and found it to be about 77% similar in sequence to ntcA. The proteins deduced from the two genes (and from a third homologous gene from Synechocystis PCC 6803 sequenced by the Sevilla group) are all similar to members of a family of regulatory proteins typified by Crp, a protein of E. coli involved in catabolite repression. Most striking, the three deduced proteins share identical helix-turn-helix motifs, which have been implicated in the binding of protein to DNA. Indeed, NtcA, like BifA, was shown to bind to the regulatory region of glnA. The consensus binding site of BifA is now known to be TGT(N)9-10ACA, the same as that of Crp and NifA (a protein that regulates nitrogenase genes in Klebsiella and some other nitrogen-fixing bacteria). If BifA truly regulates the response of Anabaena to nitrogen deprivation, then mutants defective in bifA (like already known mutants of Synechococcus defective in ntcA) should show aberrant responses to changes in the source of nitrogen. Preliminary evidence indicates that bifA mutants, like ntcA mutants, cannot utilize nitrate as a nitrogen source. REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFEREN EVOLUTION, SYSTEMATICS, and PROCHLOROPHYTES Awramik SM (1992). The Oldest Records of Photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 33(2):75-89. Blankenship RE (1992). Origin and Early Evolution of Photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 33(2):91-111. Hamana K, Matsuzaki S (1992). Polyamines as a Chemotaxonomic Marker in Bacterial Systematics. Crit Rev Microbiol 18(4):261-283. Ernst A, Sandmann G, Postius C, Brass S, Kenter U, B�ger P (1992). Cyanobacterial Picoplankton from Lake Constance. 2. Classification of Isolates by Cell Morphology and Pigment Composition. Bot Acta 105(3):161-167. Dionisiosese ML, Shimada A, Maruyama T, Miyachi S (1993). Carbonic Anhydrase Activity of Prochloron Sp Isolated from an Ascidian Host. Arch Microbiol 159(1):1-5. Vanderstaay GWM, Brouwer A, Baard RL, Vanmourik F, Matthijs HCP (1992). Separation of Photosystem I and Photosystem II from the Oxychlorobacterium (Prochlorophyte) Prochlorothrix Hollandica and Association of Chlorophyll-B Binding Antennae with Photosystem II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1102(2):220-228. ECOLOGY and SYMBIOSIS Turk V, Rehnstam AS, Lundberg E, Hagstrom A (1992). Release of Bacterial DNA by Marine Nanoflagellates, an Intermediate Step in Phosphorus Regeneration. Appl Environ Microbiol 58(11):3744-3750. Weller R, Bateson MM, Heimbuch BK, Kopczynski ED, Ward DM (1992). Uncultivated Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexus-Like Inhabitants, and Spirochete-Like Inhabitants of a Hot Spring Microbial Mat. Appl Environ Microbiol 58(12):3964-3969. Bieleski RL, Lauchli A (1992). Phosphate Uptake, Efflux and Deficiency in the Water Fern, Azolla. Plant Cell Environ 15(6):665-673. Canini A, Bergman B, Civitareale P, Rotilio G, Caiola MG (1992). Localization of Iron-Superoxide Dismutase in the Cyanobiont of Azolla filiculoides Lam. Protoplasma 169(1-2):1-8. Forni C, Haegi A, Delgallo M, Caiola MG (1992). Production of Polysaccharides by Arthrobacter-Globiformis Associated with Anabaena-Azollae in Azolla Leaf Cavity. FEMS Microbiol Lett 93(3):269-274. Johansson C, Bergman B (1992). Early Events During the Establishment of the Gunnera Nostoc Symbiosis. Planta 188(3):403-413. Klein E, Bar E, Forni C, Malkin S, Telor E (1992). The Application of Cryo-SEM Techniques to the Study of the Symbiotic Association in the Azolla Leaf Cavity. J Microsc-Oxford 167(Part 3):273-278. Vaishampayan A, Reddy YR, Singh BD, Singh RM (1992). Reduced Phosphorus Requirement of a Mutant Azolla-Anabaena Symbiotic N2-Fixing Complex. J Exp Bot 43(251):851-856. TOXINS and NATURAL SUBSTANCES Beatty MF, Jenningswhite C, Avery MA (1992). Stereocontrolled Synthesis of (2S, 3S, 8S, 9S, 4E, 6E)-3-Amino- 9-Methoxy-2, 6, 8-Trimethyl-10-Phenyldeca-4, 6-Dienoic Acid (Adda), the Amino Acid Characteristic of Microcystins and Nodularin. J Chem Soc Perkin Trans I (13):1637-1641. Bruno M, Gucci PMB, Pierdominici E, Sestili P, Ioppolo A, Sechi N, Volterra L (1992). Microcystin-Like Toxins in Different Freshwater Species of Oscillatoria. Toxicon 30(10):1307-1311. Carmichael WW (1992). A Review: Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites - The Cyanotoxins. J Appl Bacteriol 72(6):445-459. Edwards C, Beattie KA, Scrimgeour CM, Codd GA (1992). Identification of Anatoxin-A in Benthic Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Algae) and in Associated Dog Poisonings at Loch Insh, Scotland. Toxicon 30(10):1165-1175. Frankmolle WP, Larsen LK, Caplan FR, Patterson GML, Knubel G, Levine IA, Moore RE (1992). Antifungal Cyclic Peptides from the Terrestrial Blue-Green Alga Anabaena-Laxa. 1. Isolation and Biological Properties. J Antibiot 45(9):1451-1457. Frankmolle WP, Knubel G, Moore RE, Patterson GML (1992). Antifungal Cyclic Peptides from the Terrestrial Blue-Green Alga Anabaena-Laxa. 2. Structures of Laxaphycin-A Laxaphycin-B, Laxaphycin-D and Laxaphycin-E. J Antibiot 45(9):1458-1466. Henning K, Meyer H, Kraatzwadsack G, Cremer J (1992). Detection of a Cytotoxic Substance Produced by the Cyanobacterium Microcystis-Aeruginosa Strain PCC 7806 - Isolation and Differentiation from the Peptide Toxin Microcystin-LR by Cytotoxicity Assays. Curr Microbiol 25(3):129-134. Kawai T, Ichinose T, Takeda M, Tomioka N, Endo Y, Yamaguchi K, Shudo K, Itai A (1992). Prediction of Ring Conformations of Indolactams - Crystal and Solution Structures [teleocidin-B, lyngbyatoxin]. J Org Chem 57(23):6150-6155. Kiviranta J, Namikoshi M, Sivonen K, Evans WR, Carmichael WW, Rinehart KL (1992). Structure Determination and Toxicity of a New Microcystin from Microcystis-Aeruginosa Strain-205. Toxicon 30(9):1093-1098. Martin C, Weckesser J, Ino T, Konig WA (1992). 7-Desmethyl-Microcystin-RR, a Hepatotoxin from a Waterbloom of Microcystis-Aeruginosa. Z Naturforsch C 47(5-6):335-340. Moore BS, Ohtani I, Dekoning CB, Moore RE, Carmichael WW (1992). Biosynthesis of Anatoxin-a(s) - Origin of the Carbons. Tetrahedron Lett 33(44):6595-6598. Namikoshi M, Sivonen K, Evans WR, Carmichael WW, Rouhiainen L, Luukkainen R, Rinehart (1992). Structures of 3 New Homotyrosine-Containing Microcystins and a New Homophenylalanine Variant from Anabaena Sp Strain 66. Chem Res Toxicol 5(5):661-666. Namikoshi M, Sivonen K, Evans WR, Carmichael WW, Sun F, Rouhiainen L, Luukkainen R, Rinehart KL (1992). 2 New L-Serine Variants of Microcystins-LR and Microcystins-RR from Anabaena Sp Strains 202-A1 and 202-A2. Toxicon 30(11):1457-1464. Namikoshi M, Sivonen K, Evans WR, Sun F, Carmichael WW, Rinehart KL (1992). Isolation and Structures of Microcystins from a Cyanobacterial Water Bloom (Finland). Toxicon 30(11):1473-1479. Ohtani I, Moore RE, Runnegar MTC (1992). Cylindrospermopsin - A Potent Hepatotoxin from the Blue- Green Alga Cylindrospermopsis-Raciborskii. J Am Chem Soc 114(20):7941-7942. Park A, Moore RE, Patterson GML (1992). Fischerindole-L, a New Isonitrile from the Terrestrial Blue-Green Alga Fischerella-Muscicola. Tetrahedron Lett 33(23):3257-3260. Simonin P, Jurgens UJ, Rohmer M (1992). 35-O-�-6-Amino-6-Deoxyglucopyranosyl Bacteriohopanetetrol, a Novel Triterpenoid of the Hopane Series from the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Sp PCC 6714. Tetrahedron Lett 33(25):3629-3632. Sivonen K, Namikoshi M, Evans WR, Carmichael WW, Sun F, Rouhiainen L, Luukkainen R, Rinehart KL (1992). Isolation and Characterization of a Variety of Microcystins from 7 Strains of the Cyanobacterial Genus Anabaena. Appl Environ Microbiol 58(8):2495-2500. Sivonen K, Namikoshi M, Evans WR, Fardig M, Carmichael WW, Rinehart KL (1992). 3 New Microcystins, Cyclic Heptapeptide Hepatotoxins, from Nostoc Sp Strain 152. Chem Res Toxicol JUL-5(4):464-469. Sivonen K, Namikoshi M, Evans WR, Gromov BV, Carmichael WW, Rinehart KL (1992). Isolation and Structures of 5 Microcystins from a Russian Microcystis-Aeruginosa Strain CALU-972. Toxicon 30(11):1481-1485. Sivonen K, Skulberg OM, Namikoshi M, Evans WR, Carmichael WW, Rinehart KL (1992). 2 Methyl Ester Derivatives of Microcystins, Cyclic Heptapeptide Hepatotoxins, Isolated from Anabaena Flos-Aquae Strain CYA 83/1. Toxicon 30(11):1465-1471. Vepritskii AA, Gromov BV, Titova NN, Mamkaeva KA (1991). Production of the Antibiotic-Algicide Cyanobacterin LU-2 by the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Nostoc Sp. Microbiology-Engl Tr 60(6):675-679. TOXINS and NATURAL SUBSTANCES (Physiological Effects) Cook N (1992). The Effect of Cyanobacterial Water Bloom Formation upon Conjugational Gene Transfer Between Associated Heterotrophic Bacteria. In: Release of Genetically Modified Microorganisms - Regem 263 207-208. zFalconer IR, Dornbusch M, Moran G, Yeung SK (1992). Effect of the Cyanobacterial (Blue-Green Algal) Toxins from Microcystis-Aeruginosa on Isolated Enterocytes from the Chicken Small Intestine. Toxicon 30(7):790-793. Holen I, Gordon PB, Seglen PO (1992). Protein Kinase-Dependent Effects of Okadaic Acid on Hepatocytic Autophagy and Cytoskeletal Integrity. Biochem J 284:633-636. Kawai T, Ichinose T, Endo Y, Shudo K, Itai A (1992). Active Conformation of a Tumor Promoter, Teleocidin - A Molecular Dynamics Study. J Med Chem 35(12):2248-2253. Kondo F, Ikai Y, Oka H, Okumura M, Ishikawa N, Harada K, Matsuura K, Murata H, Suzuki M (1992). Formation, Characterization, and Toxicity of the Glutathione and Cysteine Conjugates of Toxic Heptapeptide Microcystins. Chem Res Toxicol 5(5):591-596. Mackintosh C (1992). Regulation of Spinach-Leaf Nitrate Reductase by Reversible Phosphorylation [microcystin-LR]. Biochim Biophys Acta 1137(1):121-126. Nishiwakimatsushima R, Fujiki H, Harada K, Taylor C, Quinn RJ (1992). The Role of Arginine in Interactions of Microcystins with Protein Phosphatase-1 and Phosphatase-2A. Bioorg Medicinal Chem Letter 2(7):673-676. Nishiwakimatsushima R, Ohta T, Nishiwaki S, Suganuma M, Kohyama K, Ishikawa T, Carmichael WW, Fujiki H (1992). Liver Tumor Promotion by the Cyanobacterial Cyclic Peptide Toxin Microcystin-LR. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 118(6):420-424. Sepulveda MS, Rojas M, Zambrano F (1992). Inhibitory Effect of a Microcystis Sp (Cyanobacteria) Toxin on Development of Preimplantation Mouse Embryos. Comp Biochem Physiol [C] 102(3):549-553. Stafford RG, Mehta M, Kemppainen BW (1992). Comparison of the Partition Coefficient and Skin Penetration of a Marine Algal Toxin (Lyngbyatoxin-A). Food Chem Toxicol 30(9):795-801. Suganuma M, Fujiki H, Okabe S, Nishiwaki S, Brautigan D, Ingebritsen TS, Rosner MR (1992). Structurally Different Members of the Okadaic Acid Class Selectively Inhibit Protein Serine/Threonine But Not Tyrosine Phosphatase Activity. Toxicon 30(8):873-878. Wolniak SM, Larsen PM (1992). Changes in the Metaphase Transit Times and the Pattern of Sister Chromatid Separation in Stamen Hair Cells of Tradescantia After Treatment with Protein Phosphatase Inhibitors [microcystin]. J Cell Sci 102( Part 4):691-715. PHYSIOLOGY and METABOLISM Dubinin AV, Gerasimenko LM, Venetskaya SL, Gusev MV (1992). Cyanobacterium Microcoleus Chthonoplastes Fails to Grow in Pure Culture. Microbiology-Engl Tr 61(1):41-46. Fontes AG, Moreno J, Vargas MA, Rivas J (1992). Dependence on Growth Phase and Temperature of the Composition of a Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterium. Biotechnol Bioeng 40(6):681-685. Ghetti F, Checcucci G, Lenci F (1992). Photosensitized Reactions as Primary Molecular Events in Photomovements of Microorganisms [Anabaena]. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 15(3):185-198. Griffiths AE, Walsby AE, Hayes PK (1992). The Homologies of Gas Vesicle Proteins. J Gen Microbiol 138(JUN):1243-1250. Mohapatra PK, Mohanty RC (1992). Growth Pattern Changes of Chlorella vulgaris and Anabaena doliolum Due to Toxicity of Dimethoate and Endosulfan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49(4):576-581. Niehaus A, Gisselmann G, Schwenn JD (1992). Primary Structure of the Synechococcus PCC 7942 PAPS Reductase Gene. Plant Mol Biol 20(6):1179-1183. Overmann J, Pfennig N (1992). Buoyancy Regulation and Aggregate Formation in Amoebobacter purpureus from Mahoney Lake. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 101(2):67-79. Vepritskiy AA, Gromov BV, Kononova SK (1992). Production of the trypsin inhibitor LU-3 by Nostoc sp. CALU 893 (cyanophyta). Algologia 2:16-19. Walsby AE, Kinsman R, George KI (1992). The Measurement of Gas Vesicle Volume and Buoyant Density in Planktonic Bacteria. J Microbiol Meth 15(4):293-309. MEMBRANES, LIPIDS, and TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE Caudales R, Wells JM, Antoine AD (1992). Cellular Fatty Acid Composition of Symbiotic Cyanobacteria Isolated from the Aquatic Fern Azolla. J Gen Microbiol 138(JUL):1489-1494. Davey MW, Lambein F (1992). Semipreparative Isolation of Individual Cyanobacterial Heterocyst-Type Glycolipids by Reverse-Phase High- Performance Liquid Chromatography. Anal Biochem 206(2):226-230. Davey MW, Lambein F (1992). Quantitative Derivatization and High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Cyanobacterial Heterocyst-Type Glycolipids. Anal Biochem 206(2):323-327. Gombos Z, Wada H, Murata N (1992). Unsaturation of Fatty Acids in Membrane Lipids Enhances Tolerance of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 to Low-Temperature Photoinhibition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(20):9959-9963. Kumar D, Singh JB, Kumar HD (1992). Effects of Low Temperature on 2 Cyanobacteria. J Gen Appl Microbiol Tokyo 38(3):263-270. Murakami N, Morimoto T, Ueda T, Nagai SI, Sakakibara J, Yamada N (1992). Release of Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerols from a Cyanobacterium, Phormidium tenue, into Its Growth Medium. Phytochemistry 31(9):3043-3044. Murakami N, Morimoto T, Ueda T, Nagai SI, Sakakibara J, Yamada N (1992). Studies on Glycolipids. 4. Generation of Lysoglyceroglycolipids in the Cyanobacterium, Phormidium tenue. Phytochemistry 31(8):2641-2644. Murakami N, Shirahashi H, Nagatsu A, Sakakibara J (1992). 2 Unsaturated 9R-Hydroxy Fatty Acids from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae f. flos-aquae. Lipids 27(10):776-778. Murata N, Wada H, Gombos Z (1992). Modes of Fatty-Acid Desaturation in Cyanobacteria. Plant Cell Physiol 33(7):933-941. Soriente A, Sodano G, Gambacorta A, Trincone A (1992). Structure of the Heterocyst Glycolipids of the Marine Cyanobacterium Nodularia Harveyana. Tetrahedron 48(25):5375-5384. Wada H, Gombos Z, Sakamoto T, Murata N (1992). Genetic Manipulation of the Extent of Desaturation of Fatty Acids in Membrane Lipids in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Plant Cell Physiol 33(5):535-540. SALINITY and STRESS RESPONSES Arakawa K, Mizuno K, Kishitani S, Takabe T (1992). Immunological Studies of Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase in Barley [Aphanothece halophytica]. Plant Cell Physiol 33(7):833-840. Diaz MR, Visscher PT, Taylor BF (1992). Metabolism of Dimethylsulfoniopropionate and Glycine Betaine by a Marine Bacterium [Trichodesmium]. FEMS Microbiol Lett 96(1):61-65. Dubinin AV, Gerasimenko LM, Gusev MV (1992). Physiological Features of a Strain of Microcoleus Chthonoplastes from a Hypersaline Reservoir. Microbiology-Engl Tr 61(1):47-55. Hagemann M, Zuther E (1992). Selection and Characterization of Mutants of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Sp PCC 6803 Unable to Tolerate High Salt Concentrations. Arch Microbiol 158(6):429-434. Martel A, Yu S, Garciareina G, Lindblad P, Pedersen M (1992). Osmotic-Adjustment in the Cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis - Presence of an �-Glucosidase. Plant Physiol Biochem 30(5):573-578. Collier JL, Grossman AR (1992). Chlorosis Induced by Nutrient Deprivation in Synechococcus Sp Strain PCC 7942 - Not All Bleaching Is the Same. J Bacteriol 174(14):4718-4726. Herbert SK, Samson G, Fork DC, Laudenbach DE (1992). Characterization of Damage to Photosystem I and Photosystem II in a Cyanobacterium Lacking Detectable Iron Superoxide Dismutase Activity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(18):8716-8720. Wagner F, Falkner G (1992). Concomitant Changes in Phosphate Uptake and Photophosphorylation in the Blue-Green Alga Anacystis nidulans During Adaptation to Phosphate Deficiency. J Plant Physiol 140(2):163-167. RESPONSE TO HEAVY METALS Bolanos L, Garciagonzalez M, Mateo P, Bonilla I (1992). Differential Toxicological Response to Cadmium in Anabaena Strain PCC 7119 Grown with NO3- or NH4+ as Nitrogen Source. J Plant Physiol 140(3):345-349. Gupta A, Whitton BA, Morby AP, Huckle JW, Robinson NJ (1992). Amplification and Rearrangement of a Prokaryotic Metallothionein Locus smt in Synechococcus PCC 6301 Selected for Tolerance to Cadmium. Proc R Soc Lond [Biol] 248(1323):273-281. Lee HL, Lustigman B, Schwinge V, Chiu IY, Hsu S (1992). Effect of Mercury and Cadmium on the Growth of Anacystis nidulans. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 49(2):272-278. Rai LC, Dubey SK, Mallick N (1992). Influence of Chromium on Some Physiological Variables of Anabaena Doliolum - Interaction with Metabolic Inhibitors. Biometals 5(1):13-16. Sharma SK, Bisen PS (1992). Hg-2+ and Cd-2+ Induced Inhibition of Light Induced Proton Efflux in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae. Biometals 5(3):163-167. Shi JG, Lindsay WP, Huckle JW, Morby AP, Robinson NJ (1992). Cyanobacterial Metallothionein Gene Expressed in Escherichia Coli - Metal-Binding Properties of the Expressed Protein. FEBS Lett 303(2-3):159-163. Shimizu T, Hiyama T, Ikeuchi M, Inoue Y (1992). Nucleotide Sequence of a Metallothionein Gene of the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Synechococcus vulcanus. Plant Mol Biol 20(3):565-567. Singh CB, Singh SP (1992). Assessment of Hg2+ Toxicity to a N2-Fixing Cyanobacterium in Long-Term and Short-Term Experiments. Biometals 5(3):149-156. Singh SP, Singh RK, Pandey PK, Pant A (1992). Factors Regulating Copper Uptake in Free and Immobilized Cyanobacterium. Folia Microbiol Prague 37(4):315-320. Visviki I, Rachlin JW (1992). Ultrastructural Changes in Dunaliella minuta Following Acute and Chronic Exposure to Copper and Cadmium. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 23(4):420-425. Wong PK, Chang L (1992). Effects of Bimetallic and Trimetallic Combinations of Heavy Metal Ions on Inorganic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Uptake in Chlorella [Anacystis nidulans]. Microbios 71(286):65-74. NITROGEN METABOLISM Argall ME, Smith GD, Stamford NPJ, Youens BN (1992). Purification and Properties of Urease from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Cylindrica. Biochem Int 27(6):1027-1036. Avery SV, Codd GA, Gadd GM (1992). Caesium Transport in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis - Kinetics and Evidence for Uptake via Ammonium Transport System(s). FEMS Microbiol Lett 95(2-3):253-258. Bednarz J, Schmid GH (1992). Further Studies on the Induction of Nitrate Reductase by Arginine in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Oscillatoria Chalybea. Z Naturforsch C 47(7-8):540-544. Bisen PS, Shanthy S (1992). Physiological and Biochemical Characterization of Chlorate-Resistant Mutants of Anabaena Doliolum. Curr Microbiol 25(6):353-357. Bisen PS, Shanthy S (1992). Biochemical Characterization of Glutamine Synthetase from the Diazotrophic Cyanobacterium, Anabaena Doliolum. Curr Microbiol 25(2):69-75. Carpenter EJ, Bergman B, Dawson R, Siddiqui PJA, Soderback E, Capone DG (1992). Glutamine Synthetase and Nitrogen Cycling in Colonies of the Marine Diazotrophic Cyanobacteria Trichodesmium spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 58(9):3122-3129. Floriano B, Herrero A, Flores E (1992). Isolation of Arginine Auxotrophs, Cloning by Mutant Complementation, and Sequence Analysis of the argC Gene from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Species PCC 7120. Mol Microbiol 6(15):2085-2094. Jahns T (1992). Regulation of Urea Uptake in Pseudomonas Aeruginosa [Anabaena doliolum]. Anton Leeuwenhoek Int J Gen M 62(3):173-179. Lightfoot DA, Baron AJ, Cock JM, Wootton JC (1992). A Nitrate Reductase Gene of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 6301 Inferred by Heterologous Hybridization, Cloning and Targeted Mutagenesis. Genetica 85(2):107-117. Martin-Nieto J, Flores E, Herrero A (1992). Biphasic Kinetic Behavior of Nitrate Reductase from Heterocystous, Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacteria. Plant Physiol 100(1):157-163. Mccarty GW, Bremner JM (1992). Inhibition of Assimilatory Nitrate Reductase Activity in Soil by Glutamine and Ammonium Analogs. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(13):5834-5836. Milano A, Derossi E, Zanaria E, Barbierato L, Ciferri O, Riccardi G (1992). Molecular Characterization of the Genes Encoding Acetohydroxy Acid Synthase in the Cyanobacterium Spirulina Platensis. J Gen Microbiol 138(JUL):1399-1408. Miyaji T, Tamura G (1992). Isolation and Partial Characterization of Homogeneous Nitrite Reductase from a Cyanobacterium, Aphanothece sacrum. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 56(8):1333-1334. Powell HA, Kerby NW, Rowell P, Mousdale DM, Coggins JR (1992). Purification and Properties of a Glyphosate-Tolerant 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate 3-Phosphate Synthase from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Planta 188(4):484-490. Singh AK, Singh RK, Rao KS, Chakravarty D, Singh HN (1992). Mutational Analysis of Glutamine Synthetase Response to the Ammonium Analogue Ethylene Diamine in the Cyanobacterium Nostoc Muscorum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 95(1):43-48. Singh S (1992). Regulation of Glutamine Uptake in the Cyanobiont Nostoc ANTH. FEMS Microbiol Lett 98(1-3):245-248. Singh S (1992). Nitrite Metabolism in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Cycadeae - Regulation of Nitrite Uptake and Nitrite Reductase by Ammonia. FEMS Microbiol Lett 98(1-3):249-253. Vegapalas MA, Flores E, Herrero A (1992). NtcA, a Global Nitrogen Regulator from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus That Belongs to the Crp Family of Bacterial Regulators. Mol Microbiol 6(13):1853-1859. NITROGEN FIXATION Bohm I, Halbherr A, Smaglinski S, Ernst A, B�ger P (1992). Invitro Activation of Dinitrogenase Reductase from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis (ATCC 29413). J Bacteriol 174(19):6179-6183. Brass S, Ernst A, B�ger P (1992). Induction and Modification of Dinitrogenase Reductase in the Unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechocystis BO 8402. Arch Microbiol 158(6):422-428. Fay P (1992). Oxygen Relations of Nitrogen Fixation in Cyanobacteria. Microbiol Rev 56(2):340-373. Grobbelaar N, Huang TC (1992). Effect of Oxygen and Temperature on the Induction of a Circadian Nitrogenase Activity Rhythm in Synechococcus RF-1. J Plant Physiol 140(4):391-394. Marsalek B, Simek M (1992). Abscisic Acid and Its Synthetic Analog in Relation to Growth and Nitrogenase Activity of Azotobacter chroococcum and Nostoc muscorum. Folia Microbiol Prague 37(2):159-160. Marsalek B, Simek M, Smith RJ (1992). The Effect of Ecdysterone on the Cyanobacterium Nostoc 6720. Z Naturforsch C 47(9-10):726-730. Singh RK, Stevens SE (1992). Cloning of the nifHDK Genes and Their Organisation in the Heterocystous Cyanobacterium Mastigocladus Laminosus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 94(3):227-234. Tsygankov AA, Chan VN, Gogotov IN (1991). Anabaena variabilis in Continuous Culture Growth and Adaptation Potential of Its Nitrogenase System. Microbiology-Engl Tr 60(5):591-595. Villbrandt M, Stal LJ, Bergman B, Krumbein WE (1992). Immunolocalization and Western Blot Analysis of Nitrogenase in Oscillatoria limosa During a Light-Dark Cycle. Bot Acta 105(2):90-96. DIFFERENTIATION Canini A, Civitareale P, Marini S, Caiola MG, Rotilio G (1992). Purification of Iron Superoxide Dismutase from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena cylindrica Lemm and Localization of the Enzyme in Heterocysts by Immunogold Labeling. Planta 187(4):438-444. Ernst A, Black T, Cai YP, Panoff JM, Tiwari DN, Wolk CP (1992). Synthesis of Nitrogenase in Mutants of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Sp Strain PCC 7120 Affected in Heterocyst Development or Metabolism. J Bacteriol 174(19):6025-6032. Liang J, Scappino L, Haselkorn R (1992). The patA Gene Product, Which Contains a Region Similar to cheY of Escherichia-Coli, Controls Heterocyst Pattern Formation in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(12):5655-5659. Onek LA, Smith RJ (1992). Calmodulin and Calcium Mediated Regulation in Prokaryotes. J Gen Microbiol 138(JUN):1039-1049. Sarma TA, Khattar JIS (1992). Phosphorus Deficiency, Nitrogen Assimilation and Akinete Differentiation in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena torulosa. Folia Microbiol Prague 37(3):223-226. CARBON METABOLISM Amichay D, Sheffer M, Gurevitz M (1992). Restoration of the Wild-Type Locus in an Rubp Carboxylase/Oxygenase Mutant of Synechocystis PCC 6803 via Targeted Gene Recombination. Mol Gen Genet 235(2-3):247-252. Bloye SA, Karagouni AD, Carr NG (1992). A Continuous-Culture Approach to the Question of Inorganic Carbon Concentration by Synechococcus Species. FEMS Microbiol Lett 99(1):79-84. Bloye SA, Silman NJ, Mann NH, Carr NG (1992). Bicarbonate Concentration by Synechocystis PCC 6803 - Modulation of Protein Phosphorylation and Inorganic Carbon Transport by Glucose. Plant Physiol 99(2):601-606. Charng YY, Kakefuda G, Iglesias AA, Buikema WJ, Preiss J (1992). Molecular Cloning and Expression of the Gene Encoding ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Sp Strain PCC 7120. Plant Mol Biol 20(1):37-47. Dephilippis R, Sili C, Vincenzini M (1992). Glycogen and poly-�-hydroxybutyrate Synthesis in Spirulina Maxima. J Gen Microbiol 138(Part 8):1623-1628. Iglesias AA, Kakefuda G, Preiss J (1992). Involvement of Arginine Residues in the Allosteric Activation and Inhibition of Synechocystis PCC 6803 ADP Glucose Pyrophosphorylase. J Protein Chem 11(2):119-128. Marcus Y, Berry JA, Pierce J (1992). Photosynthesis and Photorespiration in a Mutant of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803 Lacking Carboxysomes. Planta 187(4):511-516. Mckay RML, Gibbs SP, Espie GS (1993). Effect of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon on the Expression of Carboxysomes, Localization of Rubisco and the Mode of Inorganic Carbon Transport in Cells of the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625. Arch Microbiol 159(1):21-29. Morell MK, Kane HJ, Hudson GS, Andrews TJ (1992). Effects of Mutations at Residue-309 of the Large Subunit of Ribulosebisphosphate Carboxylase from Synechococcus PCC 6301. Arch Biochem Biophys 299(2):295-301. Ogawa T (1992). Identification and Characterization of the ictA/ndhL Gene Product Essential to Inorganic Carbon Transport of Synechocystis PCC 6803. Plant Physiol 99(4):1604-1608. Price GD, Coleman JR, Badger MR (1992). Association of Carbonic Anhydrase Activity with Carboxysomes Isolated from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. Plant Physiol 100(2):784-793. Scanlan DJ, Newman J, Sebaihia M, Mann NH, Carr NG (1992). Cloning and Sequence Analysis of the Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. Plant Mol Biol 19(5):877-880. Yu JW, Price GD, Song L, Badger MR (1992). Isolation of a Putative Carboxysomal Carbonic Anhydrase Gene from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. Plant Physiol 100(2):794-800. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Aizawa K, Shimizu T, Hiyama T, Satoh K, Nakamura Y, Fujita Y (1992). Changes in Composition of Membrane Proteins Accompanying the Regulation of PSI/PSII Stoichiometry Observed with Synechocystis PCC 6803. Photosynth Res 32(2):131-138. Bruce D, Salehian O (1992). Laser-Induced Optoacoustic Calorimetry of Cyanobacteria - The Efficiency of Primary Photosynthetic Processes in State-1 and State-2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1100(3):242-250. Cullen JJ, Neale PJ, Lesser MP (1992). Biological Weighting Function for the Inhibition of Phytoplankton Photosynthesis by Ultraviolet Radiation. Science 258(5082):646-650. Grotjohann R, Rho MS, Kowallik W (1992). Influences of Blue and Red Light on the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Chlorella kessleri - Alterations in Pigment- Protein Complexes. Bot Acta 105(3):168-173. Kaurov YN, Aksyonova GE, Lovyagina ER, Ivanov II, Rubin AB (1992). Thermally-Induced Delayed Fluorescence of Photosystem I and Photosystem II Chlorophyll in Thermophilic Cyanobacterium - Synechococcus elongatus. Gen Physiol Biophys 11(3):229-239. Klein RM (1992). Effects of Green Light on Biological Systems. Biol Rev Cambridge Phil Soc 67(2):199-284. Maeda H, Watanabe T, Kobayashi M (1992). Assay of Photosynthetic Reaction Centres by HPLC Quantitation of Chlorophyll-a' and Pheophytin-a - Application to the Chromatic Regulation of Photosystem Stoichiometry in Cyanophytes. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 13(3-4):267-274. Marquardt J, Ried A (1992). Fractionation of Thylakoid Membranes from Porphyridium purpureum Using the Detergent N-Lauryl-�-Iminodipropionate - A Study on the Chlorophyll-Protein and Pigment Composition of the Membrane-Intrinsic Antenna Compl. Planta 187(3):372-380. Ritter S, Komenda J, Setlikova E, Setlik I, Welte W (1992). Immobilized Metal Affinity Chromatography for the Separation of Photosystem I and Photosystem II from the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Elongatus. J Chromatogr 625(1):21-31. Sidirelliwolff M, Nultsch W, Agel G (1992). Effects of Exposure to Strong Light on the Ultrastructure of Vegetative Cells of the Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Microbios 70(283):129-138. PHOTOSYSTEM I Bottcher B, Graber P, Boekema EJ (1992). The Structure of Photosystem I from the Thermophilic Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Sp. Determined by Electron Microscopy of 2-Dimensional Crystals. Biochim Biophys Acta 1100(2):125-136. Ikeuchi M (1992). Subunit Proteins of Photosystem I - Mini Review. Plant Cell Physiol 33(6):669-676. Lin S, Vanamerongen H, Struve WS (1992). Ultrafast Pump-Probe Spectroscopy of the P700-Containing and Fx-Containing Photosystem I Core Protein from Synechococcus Sp PCC 6301 (Anacystis Nidulans). Biochim Biophys Acta 1140(1):6-14. Medina M, Hervas M, Navarro JA, Delarosa MA, Gomezmoreno C, Tollin G (1992). A Laser Flash Absorption Spectroscopy Study of Anabaena Sp PCC 7119 Flavodoxin Photoreduction by Photosystem I Particles from Spinach. FEBS Lett 313(3):239-242. Mullineaux CW (1992). Excitation Energy Transfer from Phycobilisomes to Photosystem I in a Cyanobacterium. Biochim Biophys Acta 1100(3):285-292. Nyhus KJ, Ikeuchi M, Inoue Y, Whitmarsh J, Pakrasi HB (1992). Purification and Characterization of the Photosystem I Complex from the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. J Biol Chem 267(18):12489-12495. Otcovsky J, Hladik J, Sofrova D (1992). The Influence of Sodium Dodecylsulfate on the Stability of Cyanobacterial Photosystem 1 Pigment-Protein Complexes. J Plant Physiol 140(6):667-672. Shubin VV, Bezsmertnaya IN, Karapetyan NV (1992). Isolation from Spirulina Membranes of 2 Photosystem I-Type Complexes, One of Which Contains Chlorophyll Responsible for the 77-K Fluorescence Band at 760 nm. FEBS Lett 309(3):340-342. Sonoike K, Ikeuchi M, Pakrasi HB (1992). Presence of an N-Terminal Presequence in the PsaI Protein of the Photosystem I Complex in the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. Plant Mol Biol 20(5):987-990. Steinmuller K (1992). Identification of a 2nd psaC Gene in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Sp. PCC 6803. Plant Mol Biol 20(5):997-1001. PHOTOSYSTEM II Boerner RJ, Nguyen AP, Barry BA, Debus RJ (1992). Evidence from Directed Mutagenesis That Aspartate-170 of the D1 Polypeptide Influences the Assembly and/or Stability of the Manganese Cluster in the Photosynthetic Water-Splitting Complex. Biochemistry 31(29):6660-6672. Burnap RL, Shen JR, Jursinic PA, Inoue Y, Sherman LA (1992). Oxygen Yield and Thermoluminescence Characteristics of a Cyanobacterium Lacking the Manganese-Stabilizing Protein of Photosystem II. Biochemistry 31(32):7404-7410. Debus RJ (1992). The Manganese and Calcium Ions of Photosynthetic Oxygen Evolution. Biochim Biophys Acta 1102(3):269-352. Gleiter HM, Ohad N, Koike H, Hirschberg J, Renger G, Inoue Y (1992). Thermoluminescence and Flash-Induced Oxygen Yield in Herbicide Resistant Mutants of the D1 Protein in Synechococcus PCC 7942. Biochim Biophys Acta 1140:135-143. Koenig F (1992). Development of shade-type appearance -- light intensity adaptation -- and regulation of the D1 protein in Synechococcus. In: Regulation of Chloroplast Biogenesis (Argyroudi-Akoyunoglou JH, ed) Plenum Press, NY. pp.545-550. Kulkarni RD, Schaefer MR, Golden SS (1992). Transcriptional and Posttranscriptional Components of psbA Response to High Light Intensity in Synechococcus Sp Strain PCC 7942. J Bacteriol 174(11):3775-3781. Meunier PC, Bendall DS (1992). Analysis of Fluorescence Induction in Thylakoids with the Method of Moments Reveals 2 Different Active Photosystem II Centres. Photosynth Res 32(2):109-120. Nilsson F, Gounaris K, Styring S, Andersson B (1992). Isolation and Characterization of Oxygen-Evolving Photosystem II Membranes from the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. Biochim Biophys Acta 1100(3):251-258. Nixon PJ, Trost JT, Diner BA (1992). Role of the Carboxy Terminus of Polypeptide D1 in the Assembly of a Functional Water-Oxidizing Manganese Cluster in Photosystem II of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Sp PCC 6803 - Assembly Requires a Free Carboxyl Group. Biochemistry 31(44):10859-10871. Oquist G, Anderson JM, Mccaffery S, Chow WS (1992). Mechanistic Differences in Photoinhibition of Sun and Shade Plants. Planta 188(3):422-431. Perewoska I, Vernotte C, Picaud M, Astier C (1992). Mutations in the D1 Subunit of Photosystem II and Resistance to the Phenol Type Herbicide Ioxynil in Synechocystis PCC 6714 and 6803. Z Naturforsch C 47(7-8):580-584. Putnamevans C, Bricker TM (1992). Site-Directed Mutagenesis of the CPa-1 Protein of Photosystem II - Alteration of the Basic Residue Pair (384, 385)R to (384, 385)G Leads to a Defect Associated with the Oxygen-Evolving Complex. Biochemistry 31(46):11482-11488. Richter M, Bothin B, Wild A (1992). Changes of the Quantum Yield of Oxygen Evolution and the Electron Transport Capacity of Isolated Spinach Thylakoids During Photoinhibition. J Plant Physiol 140(2):244-246. Satoh K, Koike H, Ichimura T, Katoh S (1992). Binding Affinities of Benzoquinones to the Q(B) Site of Photosystem II in Synechococcus Oxygen-Evolving Preparation. Biochim Biophys Acta 1102(1):45-52. Smith D, Bendall DS, Howe CJ (1992). Occurrence of a Photosystem II Polypeptide in Non-Photosynthetic Membranes of Cyanobacteria. Mol Microbiol 6(13):1821-1827. Vass I, Cook KM, Deak Z, Mayes SR, Barber J (1992). Thermoluminescence and Flash-Oxygen Characterization of the IC2 Deletion Mutant of Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 Lacking the Photosystem II 33 kDa Protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1102(2):195-201. PHYCOBILISOMES Bekasova OD, Mutuskin AA, Krasnovskii AA (1991). Photochemistry of Phycobilisomes - Photosensitized NADP Reduction by Ascorbate. Biochemistry-Engl Tr 56(12):1577-1582. Bernard C, Thomas JC, Mazel D, Mousseau A, Castets AM, Demarsac NT, Dubacq (1992). Characterization of the Genes Encoding Phycoerythrin in the Red Alga Rhodella Violacea - Evidence for a Splitting of the rpeB Gene by an Intron. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(20):9564-9568. Chiang GG, Schaefer MR, Grossman AR (1992). Complementation of a Red-Light-Indifferent Cyanobacterial Mutant. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89(20):9415-9419. Cornejo J, Beale SI, Terry MJ, Lagarias JC (1992). Phytochrome Assembly - The Structure and Biological Activity of 2(R), 3(E)-Phytochromobilin Derived from Phycobiliproteins. J Biol Chem 267(21):14790-14798. Debreczeny M, Gombos Z, Szalontai B (1992). Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Phycocyanin and Allophycocyanin. Eur Biophys J 21(3):193-198. Delorimier R, Chen CCJ, Glazer AN (1992). Sequence Comparison of 2 Highly Homologous Phycoerythrins Differing in Bilin Composition. Plant Mol Biol 20(2):353-356. Federspiel NA, Scott L (1992). Characterization of a Light-Regulated Gene Encoding a New Phycoerythrin-Associated Linker Protein from the Cyanobacterium Fremyella Diplosiphon. J Bacteriol 174(18):5994-5998. Fischer M, Hader DP (1992). UV Effects on Photosynthesis and Phycobiliprotein Composition in the Flagellate Cyanophora paradoxa. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 101(2):121-131. Fischer R, Scheer H (1992). Dissociating Effect of Chromophore Modifications on C-Phycocyanin Heterohexamers. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 15(1-2):91-103. Gindt YM, Zhou JH, Bryant DA, Sauer K (1992). Core Mutations of Synechococcus Sp PCC 7002 Phycobilisomes - A Spectroscopic Study. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 15(1-2):75-89. Su X, Fraenkel PG, Bogorad L (1992). Excitation Energy Transfer from Phycocyanin to Chlorophyll in an apcA-Defective Mutant of Synechocystis Sp PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 267(32):22944-22950. Valentin K, Maid U, Emich A, Zetsche K (1992). Organization and Expression of a Phycobiliprotein Gene Cluster from the Unicellular Red Alga Cyanidium caldarium. Plant Mol Biol 20(2):267-276. Xia AD, Zhang XY, Hong QA, Meng JW, Hou SG, Sudha M, Sai PSM, Jha IB (1992). Spectroscopic Characteristics and Energy Transfer Processes in C-Phycocyanin from Cyanobacterium Westiellopsis Prolifica. Sci China Ser B 35(7):811-821. PIGMENTS Berrylowe SL, Grimm B, Smith MA, Kannangara CG (1992). Purification and Characterization of Glutamate 1-Semialdehyde Aminotransferase from Barley Expressed in Escherichia Coli. Plant Physiol 99(4):1597-1603. Cheng LJ, Jiang LJ (1992). Circular Dichroism and Stereochemistry of the Phycobilins and Their Derivatives. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 15(4):343-353. Garciapichel F, Sherry ND, Castenholz RW (1992). Evidence for an Ultraviolet Sunscreen Role of the Extracellular Pigment Scytonemin in the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Chlorogloeopsis Sp. Photochem Photobiol 56(1):17-23. Grimm B (1992). Identification of a hemA Gene from Synechocystis by Complementation of an E-Coli hemA Mutant. Hereditas 117(2):195-197. Markwell J, Bruce BD, Keegstra K (1992). Isolation of a Carotenoid-Containing Sub-Membrane Particle from the Chloroplastic Envelope Outer Membrane of Pea (Pisum-Sativum). J Biol Chem 267(20):13933-13937. Pinevich AV, Tolstaya TV (1991). Biogenesis of the Photosynthetic Apparatus of Anabaena Sp Under Conditions of Inhibition of Tetrapyrrole Synthesis. Microbiology-Engl Tr 60(6):667-674. Suzuki JY, Bauer CE (1992). Light-Independent Chlorophyll Biosynthesis - Involvement of the Chloroplast Gene chiL (frxC). Plant Cell 4(8):929-940. Swanson RV, Zhou JH, Leary JA, Williams T, Delorimier R, Bryant DA, Glazer AN (1992). Characterization of Phycocyanin Produced by cpcE and cpcF Mutants and Identification of an Intergenic Suppressor of the Defect in Bilin Attachment. J Biol Chem 267(23):16146-16154. Zhou JH, Gasparich GE, Stirewalt VL, Delorimier R, Bryant DA (1992). The cpcE and cpcF Genes of Synechococcus Sp PCC 7002 - Construction and Phenotypic Characterization of Interposon Mutants. J Biol Chem 267(23):16138-16145. ELECTRON TRANSPORT and BIOENERGETICS Bovy A, Devrieze G, Borrias M, Weisbeek P (1992). Isolation and Sequence Analysis of a Gene Encoding a Basic Cytochrome c553 from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Sp PCC 7937. Plant Mol Biol 19(3):491-492. Brand SN, Tan XL, Widger WR (1992). Cloning and Sequencing of the petBD Operon from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Sp PCC 7002. Plant Mol Biol 20(3):481-491. Lavergne J, Bouchaud JP, Joliot P (1992). Plastoquinone Compartmentation in Chloroplasts. 2. Theoretical Aspects. Biochim Biophys Acta 1101(1):13-22. Leonhardt K, Straus NA (1992). An Iron Stress Operon Involved in Photosynthetic Electron Transport in the Marine Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Sp PCC 7002. J Gen Microbiol 138(Part 8):1613-1621. Malkin R (1992). Cytochrome bc1 and Cytochrome b6f Complexes of Photosynthetic Membranes [Nostoc PCC 7906]. Photosynth Res 33(2):121-136. Shanker S, Moomaw C, Guner S, Hsu J, Tokito MK, Daldal F, Knaff DB, Harman JG (1992). Characterization of the pet Operon of Rhodospirillum rubrum. Photosynth Res 32(2):79-94. Bottin H, Lagoutte B (1992). Ferredoxin and Flavodoxin from the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Sp PCC 6803. Biochim Biophys Acta 1101(1):48-56. Bovy A, Devrieze G, Borrias M, Weisbeek P (1992). Transcriptional Regulation of the Plastocyanin and Cytochrome c553 Genes from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Species PCC 7937. Mol Microbiol 6(11):1507-1513. Medina M, Mendez E, Gomezmoreno C (1992). Identification of Arginyl Residues Involved in the Binding of Ferredoxin NADP+ Reductase from Anabaena Sp PCC 7119 to Its Substrates. Arch Biochem Biophys 299(2):281-286. Rao ST, Shaffie F, Yu C, Satyshur KA, Stockman BJ, Markley JL, Sundaralingam M (1992). Structure of the Oxidized Long-Chain Flavodoxin from Anabaena 7120 at 2 � Resolution. Protein Sci 1(11):1413-1427. Zhang L, Mcspadden B, Pakrasi HB, Whitmarsh J (1992). Copper-Mediated Regulation of Cytochrome c553 and Plastocyanin in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803. J Biol Chem 267(27):19054-19059. Ellersiek U, Steinmuller K (1992). Cloning and Transcription Analysis of the ndh(A-I-G-E) Gene Cluster and the ndhD Gene of the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis Sp PCC 6803. Plant Mol Biol 20(6):1097-1110. Rozen A, Mittler R, Burstein Y, Telor E (1992). A Unique Ascorbate Peroxidase Active Component in the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942 (R2). Free yRadical Res Commun 17(1):1-8. Suda S, Kumazawa S, Mitsui A (1992). Change in the H2 Photoproduction Capability in a Synchronously Grown Aerobic Nitrogen-Fixing Cyanobacterium, Synechococcus Sp Miami BG 043511. Arch Microbiol 158(1):1-4. MOLECULAR GENETICS and METABOLISM OF MACROMOLECULES Chiang GG, Schaefer MR, Grossman AR (1992). Transformation of the Filamentous Cyanobacterium Fremyella diplosiphon by Conjugation or Electroporation. Plant Physiol Biochem 30(3):315-325. Sode K, Tatara M, Ogawa S, Matsunaga T (1992). Maintenance of Broad Host Range Vector pKT230 in Marine Unicellular Cyanobacteria. FEMS Microbiol Lett 99(1):73-78. Sode K, Tatara M, Takeyama H, Burgess JG, Matsunaga T (1992). Conjugative Gene Transfer in Marine Cyanobacteria - Synechococcus Sp, Synechocystis Sp and Pseudanabaena Sp. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 37(3):369-373. Mak YM, Ho KK (1992). An Improved Method for the Isolation of Chromosomal DNA from Various Bacteria and Cyanobacteria. Nucleic Acids Res 20(15):4101-4102. Perkins DR, Barnum SR (1992). DNA Sequence and Analysis of a Cryptic 4.2-kb Plasmid from the Filamentous Cyanobacterium, Plectonema Sp Strain PCC 6402. Plasmid 28(2):170-176. Vachhani AK, Iyer RK, Tuli R (1992). Characterization of a Small Endogenous Plasmid from the Cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. J Biosciences 17(2):167-172. Walton DK, Gendel SM, Atherly AG (1992). Nucleotide Sequence of the Replication Region of the Nostoc PCC 7524 Plasmid pDU1. Nucleic Acids Res 20(17):4660. Brahamsha B, Haselkorn R (1992). Identification of Multiple RNA Polymerase Sigma Factor Homologs in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Sp Strain PCC 7120 - Cloning, Expression, and Inactivation of the sigB and sigC Genes. J Bacteriol 174(22):7273-7282. Kim ST, Heelis PF, Sancar A (1992). Energy Transfer (Deazaflavin -> FADH2) and Electron Transfer (FADH2 -> T-Less-Than-Greater-Than-T) Kinetics in Anacystis Nidulans Photolyase. Biochemistry 31(45):11244-11248. Malhotra K, Kim ST, Walsh C, Sancar A (1992). Roles of FAD and 8-Hydroxy-5-Deazaflavin Chromophores in Photoreactivation by Anacystis Nidulans DNA Photolyase. J Biol Chem 267(22):15406-15411. Miyake M, Kotani H, Asada Y (1992). Isolation and Identification of Restriction Endonuclease, SelI from a Cyanobacterium, Synechococcus Elongatus. Nucleic Acids Res 20(10):2605. Muro-Pastor AM, Flores E, Herrero A, Wolk CP (1992). Identification, Genetic Analysis and Characterization of a Sugar-Nonspecific Nuclease from the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Sp PCC 7120. Mol Microbiol 6(20):3021-3030. Pandey KD, Kashyap AK (1992). Induction of Mutation in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena Doliolum - A Strain-Specific Property. Folia Microbiol Prague 37(5):377-380. Tanaka K, Masuda S, Takahashi H (1992). Multiple rpoD-Related Genes of Cyanobacteria. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 56(7):1113-1117. Tanaka K, Masuda S, Takahashi H (1992). The Complete Nucleotide Sequence of the Gene (rpoD1) Encoding the Principal � Factor of the RNA Polymerase from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Sp Strain PCC 7942. Biochim Biophys Acta 1132(1):94-96. Nakai M, Tanaka A, Omata T, Endo T (1992). Cloning and Characterization of the secY Gene from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 7942. Biochim Biophys Acta 1171(1):113-116. APPLIED CYANOBACTERIOLOGY Benemann JR (1992). Microalgae aquaculture feeds. J Appl Phycol 4:233-245. Mahasneh IA, Tiwari DN (1992). The Use of Biofertilizer of Calothrix Sp M103, Enhanced by Addition of Iron and Siderophore Production. J Appl Bacteriol 73(4):286-289. Pant A, Srivastava SC, Singh SP (1992). Methyl Mercury Uptake by Free and Immobilized Cyanobacterium. Biometals 5(4):229-234. Radway JC, Weissman JC, Wilde EW, Benemann JR (1992). Exposure of Fischerella [Mastigocladus] to high and low temperature extremes: strain evaluation for a thermal mitigation process. J Appl Phycol 4:67-77. Roger PA, Zimmerman WJ, Lumpkin TA (1992). Microbiological Management of Wetland Rice Fields. In: Soil Microbial Ecology: Applications in Agricultural and Environmental Managemement (MB Metting Jr, ed). Marcel Dekker, New York. pp.417-455. Thomas SP, Kamalaveni R, Shanmugasundaram S (1992). Agrochemical Resistant Mutants of Nitrogen Fixing Cyanobacterium Tolypothrix tenuis as Nitrogen Fertilizer for Rice. Biotechnol Lett 14(10):969-974. Vonshak A, Guy R (1992). Photoadaptation, Photoinhibition and Productivity in the Blue-Green Alga, Spirulina platensis Grown Outdoors. Plant Cell Environ 15(5):613-616. ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADD CONTRIBUTORS Enrique Flores Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis, Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC, Apartado 1113, 41080 Sevilla, SPAIN. (Fax) 95-4620154. (E-Mail) Flores@Cica.Es Jim Golden Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3258 U.S.A. (Tel) 409-845-9823. (FAX) 409-845-2891. (E-mail) jgolden@bio.tamu.edu Chris Howe Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1QW, UK Paul P. Jackson School of Biological & Health Sciences, University of Westminster, U.K. (E-Mail) Jackson@Mole.pcl.ac.uk Martin Mulligan Dept. of Biochemistry, Memorial Univ. of Newfoundland, St. John's, Nefoundland, A1B 3X9 CANADA. (Tel) 709-737-7978. (Fax) 709-737-2422. (E-Mail) Mulligan@Kean.Ucs.Mun.Ca Geoff Smith Dept. of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2601 AUSTRALIA (E-Mail) GDS658@Cscgpo.anu.edu.au Brian Whitton Dept. of Botany, University of Durham, Durham, DH1 3LE U.K. (E-Mail) B.A.Whitton@durham.ac.uk ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- Send CONTRIBUTIONS to one of the addresses listed below. To SUBSCRIBE, send $10 U.S. (or equivalent in any currency) per year to Jeff Elhai, along with your name, telephone, FAX, and EMail numbers (if any), and a brief description of your research interests for inclusion in the next Directory of Cyanobacteriologists. If it is difficult for you to send hard currency, send a note indicating your interest. AUSTRALIA Steve Delaney Department of Biotechnology, University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, New South Wales AUSTRALIA 2033 AUSTRIA Georg Schmetterer Institut fur Physikalische Chemie, Wahringerstrasse 42, A-1090 Wien (EMail) A8422dad@Awiuni11 CANADA Neil Strauss Dept. of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1. (E-mail) StrausNA@gpu.utcs.UToronto.Ca P.R.CHINA Shang-Hao Li Laboratory of Phycology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Academia Sinica, Wuhan CZECHOSLOV. Jiri Komarek Institute of Botany, CAS Dept. of Hydrobotany, Dukelske 145, CS-37982 Trebon FRANCE Nicole Tandeau de Marsac Physiologie Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, 29 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15. (EMail) Cyano@Pasteur GERMANY Wolfgang Lockau Institut fuer Botanik, Universitaet, Universitaetsstr. 31, 8400 Regensburg INDIA Joe Thomas Biotechnology Division, SPIC Science Foundation, 110 Mount Road, Madras 600 032 ISRAEL Elisha Tel-Or Dept. of Agricultural Botany, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100 (Tel) 08-481262 ITALY Mario Tredici Centro di Studio dei Microorganismi Autotrof. (C.N.R.), P.le. delle Cascine 27 51044 Firenze (E-mail) D47000@Ifiidg.Fi.Cnr.It NETHERLANDS Luuc Mur Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit voor Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam SCANDANAVIA Olav Skulberg Norwegian Institute for Water Research, P.O.box 69 Korsvall, N-0808 Oslo 8 NORWAY U.K. Tony Walsby Dept. of Botany, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG ANYWHERE ELSE Jeff Elhai Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, University Park Campus, Miami FL 33199 USA. (Tel) 305-348-3584, (Fax) 305-348-3094 (E-mail) Cyano@Servax.Bitnet or Cyano@Servax.Fiu.Edu