CYANONEWS Volume 11 Number 1 February 1995 ============================================================================== CYANONEWS - a newsletter intended to provide cyanobacteriologists with a forum for rapid informal communication, unavailable through journals. Everything you read in this newsletter is contributed by readers like yourself. Published occasionally, about three times per year. SUBSCRIPTIONS - $10 or equivalent/year. (See address label for expiration date). No charge for electronic version. CONTRIBUTIONS - Expected every couple of years: a new result, an upcoming meeting or a summary of a past meeting, a post-doctoral opening, a new publication, a request for strains, a change of life... something. See last page for addresses you can send news to. HOW TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT SOMETHING YOU READ HERE - Each news item contains, prominently displayed, the name of a contact person. A Directory of Cyanobacteriologists is distributed every two years or on request. INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS - Send news. COPYRIGHT - This newsletter is not copyrighted and no rights are reserved. You are encouraged to reproduce or to transmit any part of this publication by whatever means at your disposal, no permission required. ============================================================================== CONTENTS*CONTENTS*CONTENTS*CONTENTS*CONTENTS*CONTENTS*CONTENTS*CONTENTS*CONTEN ============================================================================== BULLETIN BOARD * "Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria" now available * Translation, editing service * Backpacking trip * How to get the news out about collections of cyanobacteria * Meetings * Positions sought, Positions available TRANSITIONS * Comings and goings of ourselves * Daniel Arnon (1910-1994) NEWS * Chromophore spectra made plain * Startling glycolipid genes in hetR region * Plastocyanin works in normally PC-less strain * Calcium powers cyanobacterial membranes * New extrinsic PSII protein * Meeting report: Phototrophic Prokaryotes REFERENCES ADDRESSES ============================================================================== BULLETIN BOARD*BULLETIN BOARD*BULLETIN BOARD*BULLETIN BOARD*BULLETIN BOARD*BUL ============================================================================== ****** Matters Arising ****** That mammoth project, THE MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF CYANOBACTERIA, edited by Don Bryant, has finally been published, all 28 chapters and 916 pages. The book is divided into four parts: (1) molecular evolution and taxonomy, (2) structural and functional aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus, and (3) biochemical processes, and (4) gene regulation and the phenomena they regulate. It is available at US $355 (hardbound) or US $190 (paperback). Contact (North America): Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Order Dept. P.O. Box 358, Accord Station, Hingham MA 02018-0358 USA. Tel: 617- 871-6600, Fax: 617-871-6528, E-mail: Kluwer@World.Std.Com Contact (elsewhere): Kluwer Academic Publishers Group, Order Dept., P.O. Box 322, 3300 AH Dordrecht, The Netherlands. Tel: 31-78-524400, Fax: 31-78-524474, E-mail: Services@Wkap.Nl - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Gisela Hoschek is offering a novel service. She is recently retired from laboratory work (molecular biology, biochemistry, molecular genetics) but wants to stay connected and active. Her idea is to offer her services to HELP TRANSLATE OR EDIT research papers or grant applications in English written by authors who are not native speakers. She is fluent in German and passable in French. Contact: Gisela Hoschek, 1124 Nardo Road, Encinitas, CA 92024 USA. Tel: 619-944-4233, E-mail: Hoschek@Jeeves.Ucsd.Edu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - As seems to happen once every year or two, Peter Wolk is wondering whether any cyanobacteriologist might care to accompany him on a BACKPACKING TRIP in the U.S. Rockies. The trip will occur sometime this summer. Contact: Peter Wolk, 22333cpw@msu.edu or 517-353-2049. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - P.K. Singh hopes to use the newsletter as a vehicle for disseminating information about the various COLLECTIONS OF CYANOBACTERIA held throughout the world. As a start, he has described the objectives of the National Facility for Blue-Green Algal Collection (in New Delhi, India) of which he is the Project Director. Its objectives are: 1.To act as a national center for cultures of cyanobacteria; 2.To conduct research on cyanobacteria, especially the occurrence and distribution of N2-fixing strains, their isolation, maintenance, and preservation, but also cyanobacterial physiology and genetics; 3.To provide advice to farmers in the use of cyanobacterial biofertilizers; 4.To organize seminars, conferences, and training sessions; 5.To act as a strong center for national research and development; 6.To provide advice on policy matters. Contact: National Facility for Blue-Green Algal Collection (Auditorium Complex), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, INDIA. Tel: 91-011-578-8431, Fax: 91-011-575-2006, E-mail: Guest%Bic- iari@Dbt.Ernet.in ****** Meetings ****** The 12th Annual Eastern Regional Photosynthesis Conference is scheduled for 24-26 March, 1995 at Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, USA. Undergraduates, graduate students, and post-doctoral fellows are especially encouraged to deliver oral presentations. A single fee covering registration, accommodations for two nights, and meals starts at US$162. Checks should be made payable to City College Bursar c/o Regional Photosynthesis Conference. Contact: Marilyn Gunner, Dept. of Physics, City College of New York, 138th St. and Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031 USA. Tel: 212-650-5501. Fax: 212-650-550312, E-mail: Gunner@Sci.Ccny.Cuny.Edu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The Third European Workshop on the Molecular Biology of Cyanobacteria is scheduled for 11-14 May, 1995 in Sevilla, Spain. The registration fee will be 25,000 Spanish pesetas, with hotel lodging starting at 18,500 pesetas per person. Some fellowships are available. The deadline for receipt of payment and registration is Feb 28, 1995. These fees may be paid by bank transfer to: Cyanobacterial Workshop, account no. 43-475-527621, Banco Herrero, Calle Rioja, no. 7, E-41001 Sevilla, Spain (remembering to state your name on the bank transfer for identification). Contact: Enrique Flores, Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis Universidad de Sevilla-CSIC Facultad de Biologia Apartado 1113, E-41080 Sevilla Spain. Fax: +34-5-462 01 54, Email:cyano@cica.es - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The VTH CYANOBACTERIAL MOLECULAR BIOLOGY WORKSHOP will again be on the Pacific Ocean in Asilomar, California U.S.A., 21-25 July, 1995. Registration is U.S. $50 and housing and meals begin at U.S.$225. Deadline for abstracts is May 1. Deadline for registration is June 9. Contact: Don Bryant, S-234 Frear Bldg., Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802. Tel: 814-865-1992, E-mail: DAB14@Psuvm.Psu.Edu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The FIRST INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON TOXIC CYANOBACTERIA (BLUE-GREEN ALGAE) is the new descendent of the formerly biannual Nordic Symposia on Toxin- producing Algae. The Congress will be held on the Danish island of Bornholm in the Baltic on 20-24 August 1995. It is planned that the proceedings will be published. Contact: Peter Henriksen, Dept. of Phycology, Botanical Institute, Щ. Farimagsgade 2 D, DK-1353 Copenhagen K, DENMARK. Tel: 45-35-32-22-90 or 45-35-32-22-99, Fax: 45-35-32-23-21, E-mail: PHenriks@Bot.Ku.Dk - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The 13th International Symposium on Cyanophyte Research will take place in Rome 27 Aug to 3 Sep 1995. The Symposium will focus on taxonomy, extreme environments, biodiversity, cyanobacterial associations with other organisms, and ecophysiology. Registration is 200,000 lira. Meals and hotel accommodations start at 900,000 lira for the nine day symposium. Contact: Patrizia Albertano, Department of Biology, University of Rome `Tor Vergata', via della Ricerca scientifica, 00133 Rome Italy. Tel: 39-6-72594345, Fax: 39-6-2023500, E-mail: Albertano@Tovvx1.Ccd.Utovrm.It - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - The European Society for Photobiology will hold its 6th Congress in Cambridge (Churchill College) from 2nd to 9th September 1995. The congress will have special session on "Carotenoids in Photosynthesis and Medicine" and "Appli- cation of protein engineering for the study of light reactions of oxygenic photosynthesis" Contact: Paul Heelis, Faculty of Science, Health and Medical Studies, The North East Wales Institute, Plas Coch, Mold Road, Wrexham, Clwyd, LLI 2AW,UK. Fax: 44 (0) 1978 290008, E-mail: Heelisp@Newi.Ac.Uk ****** Positions Offered ****** POSITION OFFERED: Post-Doc CONTACT: Bruce Greenberg, Dept. of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, CANADA. Tel: 519-888-4567 x3209, Fax: 519-746-0614, E-mail: Greenber@Biology.Watstar.UWaterloo.CA RESEARCH: (1) UV-B impact on plants, (2) Photoinduced toxicity of priority pollutants to plants. Both projects will be carried out at the biochemical and cellular levels, with effects on photosynthesis a major interest. SEND: CV and names of three references. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - POSITION OFFERED: Post-Doc CONTACT: James Yungel, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center's Wallops Flight Facility in the Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) program. E-mail: Hoge@Osb1.Wff.Nasa.Gov or Yungel@Wff.Nasa.Wff RESEARCH: Investigate optical properties of phycourobilin and phycoerythrobilin pigments contained in marine phytoplankton as it relates to remote detection of these pigments from laser excited fluorescence spectra and passive ocean color spectra. SEND: Brief description of experience in related research. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - POSITION OFFERED: Post-Doc CONTACT: H.Y. Yamamoto, HITAHR, University of Hawaii, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore 202 B, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, USA RESEARCH: Biochemistry and mechanism of down regulation of PSII photochemical efficiency by xanthophyll-dependent non-photochemical chlorophyll fluorescence quenching. REQUIREMENTS: Research experience using isolated chloroplast systems. Experience or knowledge of chlorophyll fluorescence, xanthophyll cycle, carbon-fixation, spectrophotometric methods and pigment-protein separations is highly desirable. Candidate should be self-motivated, able to work independently and accomplishment orientated. SUPPORT: One year with possible extension for another year. SEND: CV, letter of application, two confidential letters of recommendation. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - POSITION OFFERED: Post-Doc CONTACT (before March 31): Carl Johnson c/o Susan Golden, Dept. of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 U.S.A. E-Mail: JohnsonC@Bio.Tamu.Edu CONTACT (after March 31): Carl Johnson, Dept. of Biology, Box 1812-B, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235 U.S.A. E-Mail: JohnsonC@Vuctrvax.Bitnet RESEARCH: Study molecular basis of circadian rhythmicity in cyanobacteria, using reporter strain to isolate, clone, and identify genes involved in the circadian clockwork [see Science 266:1233-1236 and Proc Natl Acad Science USA 90:5672-5676]. REQUIREMENTS: Training in current molecular genetic techniques and strong interest in circadian rhythms. SEND: CV, summary of doctoral dissertation and current research interests, two letters of recommendation. Positions Sought POSITION SOUGHT: Post-doc or sabbatical replacement CONTACT: S.A. Kulasooriya, Dept. of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, SRI LANKA. Fax: 94-8-32343 TEACHING EXPERIENCE: 28 years at University of Peradeniya. Lectures, laboratory classes, field classes in Introductory Botany, Plant Diversity, Mycology, Microbiology, Soil Biology, Biological Nitrogen Fixation, Soil Fertility. RESEARCH EXPERIENCE (abridged): Ph.D., University of London (1971), G.E. Fogg and Peter Fay, advisors on "Heterocyst Differentiation and Nitrogen Fixation in Blue-green Algae". See Proc Royal Soc Lond (1972) 181:31-52. Nitrogen fixation in rice fields. See Ann Bot (1981) 47:31-52. Sabbatical leave at International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), examining rice field cyanobacteria, especially epiphytic strains. See Blue-green Algae and Rice, by PA Roger and SA Kulasooriya (1980), IRRI, Los Baдos, and Soil Sci Plant Nutr (1981) 27:19-27. Nitrogen fixation by Azolla-cyanobacterial symbiosis Biological nitrogen fixation and maintenance of soil fertility in sustainable ecosystems. See Plant Soil (1991) 135:297-302, Biol Fert Soil (1992)14:37-42. SERVICE (abridged): Visiting consultant FAO/IAEA Division of Soil Fertility, Irrigation and Crop Production, Vienna, Austria UNDP Advisory Board on Nitrogen Fixation, IRRI Chairman, FAO Expert Consultation on Bio and Organic Fertilizers, Bangkok. ============================================================================== TRANSITIONS*TRANSITIONS*TRANSITIONS*TRANSITIONS*TRANSITIONS*TRANSITIONS*TRANSI ============================================================================== NANCY FEDERSPIEL has moved... You know all this? You heard long ago that she left U. Idaho for a biotech outfit in California? Well, she's moved again. This time to the Genome Center, with Ron Davis' group, at Stanford University. She hopes someday to return to cyanos. Genome Center, Dept. of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford CA 94305. E-mail: NFeder@Genome.Stanford.Edu - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - GOVINDJEE hasn't moved but electrons will have to travel a different path to reach him. E-mail: Govindje@aries.scs.uiuc.edu (note only one "e" at end) or (preferably) Gov@Uiuc.Edu. E-mail with enclosures can be sent to Govindjee@Powershare.Life.Uiuc.Edu. Fax: 217-244-7246 (office), and 217-337-6196 (home). - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - P.K. SINGH has left the Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research to take a position as Project Director of the National Facility for Blue-Green Algal Collection [See announcement, this issue]. National Facility for Blue-Green Algal Collection (Auditorium Complex), Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi-110012, INDIA. Tel: 91-011-578-8431, Fax: 91-011-575-2006, E-mail: Guest%Bic-iari@Dbt.Ernet.in - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ZHAO JINDONG, after leaving Don Bryant's lab at Pennsylvania State University, and resting for a while at Applied Biosystems in California, now finds himself in a faculty position at Beijing University, still interested in photosynthetic electron transport. Dept. of Plant Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing University, Beijing 100871, P.R.CHINA. Tel: 86-1-250-1855, Fax: 86-1- 258-5864 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Daniel I. Arnon 1910-1994 Daniel I. Arnon died suddenly of cardiac arrest at the age of 84 on Tuesday, December 20, 1994 in Berkeley, California. At the time of his death, Arnon was an emeritus faculty member at the University of California at Berkeley, where he had spent his entire academic career carrying out his pioneering work on the biochemistry of photosynthesis. With his passing, an era in the field of photosynthesis has ended. In a series of historical papers in the mid-1950's, Arnon's Berkeley group, which included M. B. Allen and F. R. Whatley, discovered that chloroplasts were capable of synthesizing ATP in the light, in a process Arnon called "photosynthetic phosphorylation" (photophosphorylation) to distinguish it from oxidative phosphorylation. The first type of chloroplast phosphorylation discovered, denoted "cyclic phosphorylation," produced only ATP in the light. This discovery was followed by another revolutionary finding--that both ATP and NADPH could be produced photochemically and that their production was linked to the evolution of oxygen in a series of reactions called "non-cyclic photophosphorylation.". As part of this series of studies, isolated chloroplasts were found to be able to carry out complete photosynthesis in the light, a finding that proved that "cell-free" photosynthesis was possible .In an extensive series of papers with M. Losada and A. Trebst that followed this work, the Arnon group then extended these early observations by showing that the photophosphorylation reactions could generate the ATP and NADPH required for CO2 assimilation. This was the first demonstration that complete photosynthesis, the process central to life on our planet, could be experimentally obtained outside a living cell. As a result of this work, the field of photosynthesis had been permanently changed: for the first time it was realized that the chloroplast had the complete capacity to carry out the reactions of photosynthesis, whereby light-energy is converted into organic compounds. The discovery of non-cyclic and cyclic phosphorylation led Arnon to consider the mechanism of these processes. This resulted in K. Tagawa and Arnon identifying and characterizing the iron-sulfur protein, chloroplast ferredoxin in the early 1960s. Several other laboratories had been working with this protein under other names but the Berkeley work clarified the role of this protein in both the cyclic and non-cyclic pathways. Through their study of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase, the enzyme actually involved in NADPH formation, M. Shin and Arnon were able to define the mechanism of NADP+ reduction, and in further work, to present their view that ferredoxin serves as the natural catalyst of the cyclic pathway. In characterizing chloroplast ferredoxin, Tagawa and Arnon had noted that this carrier had a midpoint redox potential more electronegative than the NADPH/NADP+ couple, raising the possibility that CO2 fixation might occur directly through the input of electrons from reduced ferredoxin without utilizing the reduced pyridine nucleotide system. This realization stimulated studies on photosynthetic bacteria which led to the discovery of the reductive carboxylic acid cycle for CO2 fixation in work with Mike Evans and Bob Buchanan in the mid-1960s. This pathway is independent of the pathway previously demonstrated in higher plants by Melvin Calvin, J. Bassham and A. Benson, also on the UC Berkeley campus. The 1970s led Arnon and his group to consider mechanisms of electron transfer in chloroplast photosynthesis. Based on his belief of the role of non-cyclic and cyclic phosphorylation in chloroplasts, Arnon proposed a mechanism for electron transfer the ran against the main current in the photosynthetic field: that Photosystem I was involved only in the cyclic pathway and only Photosystem II was linked to the non-cyclic pathway. This view, held in modified form until his death, differed from the widely accepted Z-scheme for electron transport in chloroplasts in which the two photosystems cooperate in transferring electrons from water to NADP+. Up to the time of his death, Arnon was still regularly coming to his office in the Department of Plant Biology, writing extensively on his views on photosynthesis. Arnon was recognized professionally both nationally and internationally. He was a member of the U. S. National Academy of Sciences and academies in Sweden, France and Germany. He was a Guggenheim Fellow with David Keilin in Cambridge, England and Hugo Theorell at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, Sweden and a Fulbright Scholar with Otto Warburg in Berlin. In 1973 he was awarded the National Medal of Science for "his fundamental research into the mechanism of green plant utilization of light to produce chemical energy and oxygen and for contributions to our understanding of plant nutrition." In recent years we have seen the loss of major figures in our field: Robin Hill, Bessel Kok and Warren Butler. Equally as significant is the passing of Dan Arnon. His contributions over an almost 50 year period on this field are inestimable. Richard Malkin, Dept. of Plant Biology, University of California, Berkeley (Editor's note: While all of us are indebted to Daniel Arnon for changing the way we think about photosynthesis, some may not be aware that he also deserves our remembrance every time we grow a strain in A&A (Allen & Arnon) medium). ============================================================================== NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEWS*NEW ============================================================================== Theory Developed for Analysis of Polarization Spectra In a previous issue of CyanoNews (Volume 10, Number 1, February 1994) ANDREY DEMIDOV reported on his work developing a new theory for analyzing the polarization spectra of complex molecular systems with energy transfer between molecules (chromophores). Molecules can have strongly overlapping spectra. Demidov succeeded in deriving analytical formulae for determination of the polarization spectra (at steady-state) and depolarization kinetics (ы- pulse excitation) in cases of double- and triple-chromophore complexes. The formulae were tested by applying them to C-phycocyanin subunits and monomers, and good agreement with experimental data by Mimuro et al. [Biochim Biophys Acta (1986) 848:155] were found. The results of these investigations have been published (see list of his references below under PHYCOBILISOMES and CAROTENOIDS). Demidov is now considering the case of higher aggregates - trimers, hexamers, etc. His preliminary results are promising and can be used for quantitative deconvolution of absorption and fluorescence spectra of allophycocyanin trimers. Such deconvolution will provide individual spectra of alpha and beta chromophores. Deconvolution involves absorption, fluorescence, and polarization spectra, i.e. it is based on the spectroscopic approach. He is looking for someone who may be interested in cooperation on this matter. Cooperation can be in the form of work (preferably) in some particular laboratory having necessary facilities and APC supplies, or in the form of supplying the experimental data. Demidov can be reached c/o D Andrews, University of East Anglia, School of Chemistry, Norwich, Norfolk NR4 7TJ UK, or by E-mail at A.Demidov@Uea.Ac.Uk - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Plastocyanin Promotes Electron Transport in PC-less Strain Plastocyanin, a copper-bearing protein, is used by plants and most green algae to donate electrons to Photosystem I. The protein is relatively rare in cyanobacteria, which use cytochrome c553 instead as the PSI donor. Synechococcus PCC 7942 is an example of a cyanobacterium that evidently lacks plastocyanin and the gene, petE, that encodes it. DIRK GEERTS and others at Utrecht, in collaboration with Hendrik Schubert and Hans Matthijs, took a petE gene from a cyanobacterium, Anabaena PCC 7937, that does use plastocyanin and expressed it in Synechococcus, wondering whether the strain would make any sense out of it at all. To their surprise, the foreign protein was readily accepted by PSI, and electron flow through PSI was markedly enhanced. The petE gene from Anabaena was expressed from an inducible E. coli promoter, Ptrc, thereby disconnecting transcription of the gene from its normal regulation by the availability of copper. The gene product was efficiently processed in Synechococcus and properly targeted to the thylakoid lumen. Isolated thylakoid membranes from strains expressing petE showed up to 2.5-fold higher rates of electron transport than native membranes, and a similar enhancement was evident in whole cells. The activity of exogenous plastocyanin in Synechococcus may have interesting implications regarding the mechanism by which electrons are distributed between photosynthesis and respiration. Plastocyanin nearly abolished the competition between the two systems. These and other results are described in a recently published paper [Geerts et al. (1994) J Biol Chem 269:28068-28075]. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Surprise Glycolipid Biosynthetic Genes in het Region The region of the Anabaena PCC 7120 chromosome near hetN has already provided a few surprises for those interested in heterocyst differentiation, for example genes that in multicopy induce unscheduled heterocyst differentiation [Black et al (1994) J Bacteriol 176:2282-2292]. CHRIS BAUER tells us that the region still has a few eye-openers left. Chris also noted that a cosmid containing the hetN region affected heterocyst differentiation, but what really caught his attention were three genes upstream from hetN: hglB, hglC, and hglD (for Heterocyst GlycoLipid). hglB has already been partially characterized. It contains domains for acyl-carrier protein and NAD(P)H с-ketoacyl reductase similar to those found in polyketide or fatty acid synthases. According to Chris' sequence, hglC contains acyl/malonyl ACP transferase and с-keto-synthase domains, and hglD (only partially sequenced) also contains a с-keto-synthase domain. Inactivation of any of the three genes gave rise to a Fix- phenotype: regularly spaced, ultrastructurally normal heterocysts (as judged by light microscopy) incapable of nitrogen fixation. All three genes, and hetN as well, are transcribed from 6 to 12 hours after nitrogen limitation, as seen by Northern time-course blots. These observations prompted a thin layer chromatography experiment to check for the presence of heterocyst-specific glycolipid in mutants defective in hglB, hglC, or hglD. It turns out that all three mutants fail to produce the lipid, and Chris now believes that the products of these genes are involved in glycolipid biosynthesis. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Calcium Fluxes Can Energize Cyanobacteria Cyanobacteria have been isolated from fresh, brackish, salty, and extremely saline waters, and many highly mineralized bodies of water are more greatly enriched with Ca2+ or Mg2+ than with Na+ [Hammer UT (1986) Saline like ecosystems of the world. W. Junk, Dordrecht, p. 126]. IGOR BROWN has been inspired by two ideas regarding the earth's early environment to propose that cyanobacteria living in calcium-enriched waters may use calcium fluxes to couple bioenergetic reactions. Ancient bodies of water are postulated to have been alkaline with Ca2+ as the major cation [Ronov (1964) Geochem [Moscow] 8:715], and cyanobacteria are thought to have been amongst their first inhabitants [Zarvazin (1993) Microbiol [Moscow] 62:789]. If these two ideas were true, reasoned Brown, then saturation by Ca2+ and Mg2+ would have prevented the generation of effective levels of ■ц[H+] or ■ц[Na+]. On this basis, they have proposed that Ca2+ may under some conditions play the role of coupling cation [Brown II (1994) Biochem [Moscow] 8:715]. Gloeobacter violaceus living on limestone [Rippka (1974) Arch Microbiol 100:419] was studied to test this hypothesis. Brown and Galina Gorbik previously showed that Na+ can support electrogenic import of extracellular H+ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -byG. violaceus cells from alkaline medium [Gorbik GP, Brown II (1994) Int Symp Photosynth Prokar. Abstracts. Urbino, Italy. 1994. p.25]. Now they report that Ca2+ is able to substitute for Na+ to support growth of the strain under alkaline conditions as well as electrogenic import of extracellular protons. The optimal Ca2+ concentration for these phenomena is about 9 mM. G. violaceus is not able to grow under alkaline conditions (pH >= 9) if any BG-11 medium salt containing Na+ or Ca2+ is replaced by a similar K+-containing salt. Growth of the strain is normal under alkaline conditions in standard BG-11 (approximately 20 mM Na+). On the basis of this and other data [Geisler M et al (1993) J Mol Biol 234:1284], Brown and Gorbik suggest that ■ц[Ca2+] may provide energetic coupling in cyanobacterial membranes. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - New Extrinsic Proteins Found in Photosystem II SHEN JIAN-REN reports that his group has found two new extrinsic proteins in purified cyanobacterial photosystem II particles, namely, cytochrome c550 and a 12 kDa protein. They have demonstrated that these two extrinsic proteins are required to maintain maximal activity of oxygen evolution in cyanobacterial photosystem II. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - VIII INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON PHOTOTROPHIC PROKARYOTES - Meeting Report The triennial International Symposium on Phototrophic Prokaryotes called to the ancient Italian village of Urbino the usual collection of red, green, and blue-green aficionados. The Symposium exhibited the most vigorous competition (dance contest) and youngest convener (Luca Zannoni, age 8) in recent memory but also boasted a variety of interesting talks and poster. The perspectives below are intended to provide a flavor of the meeting; a complete summary of all the varied high points could not possibly fit into a single newsletter. If you want a fuller account of progress in cyanobacteriology, you may have to wait until the IX International Symposium, to be held in 1997 in Vienna, Austria. Antennae and Reaction Centers Much of interest was presented concerning antenna systems. Rowe and Griffiths have isolated a gene encoding a protochlorophyllide reductase from Phormidium laminosum. It will be interesting to see if this enzyme functions as the light-induced reductase in cyanobacteria. Going slightly further afield, Partensky and LaRoche showed that the N-terminus of the apoprotein of the light-harvesting apparatus from the prochlorophyte Prochlorococcus is 82% similar to the CP43' protein (encoded by isiA). The authors speculated that Prochlorococcus could have descended from cyanobacterial ancestors and had replaced the phycobilisome with a CP43'-like antenna which might have given them an advantage for growth in iron-depleted oceanic areas. For the noncyanobacterially inclined, Judy Shiozawa and Reiner Feick rekindled the chlorosome debate by presenting evidence that proteins play an important role in chlorosome structure in Chloroflexus aurantiacus. Digestion of purified chlorosomes by proteases produced distinct changes in the shape of the chlorosomes. Katsiou and Tadros have cloned a new LH II gene family from Rhodopseudomonas palustris which they have named рс[e] (bringing the total number to five). The с[e] subunit is the same as the с[b] subunit, but the р[e] is very different from the other р subunits. This may allow the formation of complexes with different absorbance characteristics. Indeed, more than one LH II can be detected in the ICM in vivo by spectroscopic analyses. An interesting development from Kjaer, Golbeck, and Scheller on green- sulfur bacterial reaction centers was presented. They have isolated reaction centers from Chlorobium vibrioforme with two intact Fe-S centers which resemble the higher plant F[A] and F[B] clusters. The isolated reaction center complex contains 6 polypeptides and supported photoreduction of NADP+ when ferredoxin and FNR were added. Returning to cyanobacteria, Muhlenhoff, Bryant, Zhao, and Setif presented data on a cyanobacterial PS I complex that had been cross-linked with flavodoxin. Flavodoxin was covalently linked to the PsaC and PsaD proteins and required the PsaE protein in order to bind in the proper orientation. This cross-linked complex could not support electron transport to FNR. However, flavodoxin could be functionally photoreduced from the semi-quinone to the fully reduced form. Wim Vermaas presented comparisons between heliobacterial and cyanobacterial reaction center complexes: an evolutionary model in which PS I and II of cyanobacteria evolved from a homodimeric reaction center, which probably resembled the heliobacterial reaction center. -- Wendy Schluchter Ecology Much work on microbial mat ecology has examined how nutrient availability may influence species composition and distribution. In these complex photosynthetic systems nutrient availability may only play part of the story. Light as an ecological factor had been largely unstudied. Dick Castenholz presented results of a recent examination of how UV and visible light may influence survival strategies of various cyanobacterial groups. This work along with similar studies of deeper-lying Chloroflexus species (pre- sented by Beverly Pierson) is providing interesting new insights into the structure of mat communities. It will be interesting in the future to see how field-based studies such as these will dovetail with pure-culture biochemical work on, for example, complementary chromatic adaptation. The role of sulfide and its metabolism by various cyanobacterial species in the laboratory is combined with ongoing detailed field work in the work of Rethmeier et al., to likewise generate a comprehensive picture of the role of sulfide in affecting cyanobacterial photosynthetic activity and distribution. Newly described species were the focus of several nice presentations. A few that particularly caught my eye were: (1) a beautifully detailed study of a red strain of Spirulina subsalsa from a freshwater lake (by Luisa Tomaselli et al.) (2) the description of a Leptolyngbya spp. with an eye-spot type structure by Patrizia Albertano and Maria Grilli Caiola, and (3) an intriguing Phormidium sp. responsible for killing corals in the Florida Keys which is currently being well-documented in situ utilizing microsensors for making oxygen, sulfide and pH measurements in the field by Laurie Richardson New advances in taxonomy are being provided by the use of molecular techniques. Research in this area, utilizing these new and still developing technologies, is providing something of an explosion of new information. Annick Wilmotte and Michael Herdman both presented good overviews of what we can and cannot get out of the various phylogenetic tree schemes available along with some important interpretation caveats. These techniques are finally offering us the tools needed to clarify the confusing taxonomic picture of the cyanobacteria that we all know and love. These taxonomic findings may also have large ecological implications. One such example was new data on the group Microcoleus chthonoplastes which is suggesting that this group maintains a high degree of genotypic and phenotypic homology world-wide with important implications for a high degree of specificity for their particular niche habitat. This meeting also provided a chance for many of us ecologically-inclined souls to hear and see presentations on a somewhat bewildering array of biochemical and molecular topics. In particular the series on reaction centers were particularly interesting even if they sent the majority of ecologists out looking for molecular-speak glossaries. Edification is good for the soul. Especially in surroundings like the Toscany valley. In conclusion, many thanks to the organizers. It was a great meeting! -- Lee Prufert-Bebout Light Receptor and Signal Cascade in Cyanobacteria? The mechanisms by which cyanobacteria recognize changes in light quality and intensity is thus far incompletely understood. Studies aimed at understanding the signal transduction pathway linking light to light-regulated behavior may proceed profitably down two parallel tracks: analysis of light-regulated genes and comparative studies of photoreceptors. Susan Golden described the transcriptional regulation of the psbA genes of Synechococcus PCC 7942, encoding the D1 proteins of photosystem II. It is very interesting that the transcription of a psbA gene is regulated by blue light signal. The cis element for the blue light response has been provisionally identified using many mutants carrying deletions in the 5' upstream region of the psbA genes. The blue light signal is very likely to be recognized by a specific photoreceptor or photoreceptors in cyanobacterial cells. A mutant defective in the blue light response might provide a clue as to the nature of the cyanobacterial blue light receptor. Franck Chauvat identified sequence elements common to light-regulated promoters of Synechocystis PCC 6803. The mechanisms of signal transduction of light will be gradually solved by the isolation of light-regulated genes and genetic studies of mutants defective in the regulation of their expression by light. Meanwhile, a direct approach to defining the associated photoreceptors have been producing interesting insights. W.D. Hoff presented a photoreceptor of halophilic purple bacteria. They purified the photoactive yellow protein (PYP) and determined the molecular structure of PYP. A photocycle of PYP is similar to that of rhodopsin. However, the chromophore of PYP is not a retinal. The chromophore is surrounded by the apoprotein, and PYP associates with the membrane. The structure of PYP is very different from that of rhodopsin. Hans Matthijs suggested that a rhodopsin-like receptor acts as a sensor for complementary chromatic adaptation of the cyanobacterium, Fremyella diplosiphon (Calothrix). They showed that the cyanobacterium contains a retinal. It should be proven whether a photoreceptor homologous to PYP can be found in cyanobacteria or whether cyanobacteria generally contain a retinal. However, it is likely that cyanobacteria contain a photoreceptor similar to the well-known photoreceptors. -- Toshio Sakamoto Cyanobacterial Development We are coming closer to discovering how heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria determine the frequency and spacing of heterocysts along a filament. The results from Jeff Elhai's poster imply that the determining factor for the initiation of heterocyst development may reside in individual cells and not signals from adjacent cells in a filament. He found that long filaments of Anabaena containing luxAB driven by the hetR promoter and filaments sonicated to single cells both expressed the same level of luciferase activity upon induction by nitrogen deprivation. Consistent with this result, an EM survey showed that a single-cell mutant of the same strain responds quite inhomogeneously to nitrogen starvation: only about 5% of its cells produce heterocyst-specific polysaccharide. From the results of Peter Rowell et al. one can begin to build a model to explain Elhai's results. They found that formazan deposition in A. cylindrica filaments incubated with MTT was localized to cell poles and distributed in a pattern along a filament at potential sites of heterocyst development. Thus an apparent differential accumulation of polarly localized respiratory electron transport, possibly laid down as a function of pole age, may have a role in determining which cells are destined to become heterocysts. At sites where intercalary heterocysts will form, two vegetative cells with nearly equal amounts of formazan deposition are found; these two cells must somehow communicate to decide which will generate the daughter cell that differentiates into a heterocyst. Jack Meeks noted that in many Fox- mutants of Nostoc ATCC 29133 intercalary heterocyst doublets are common, possibly because of a defect in this cell to cell communication. Of course akinetes exhibit polarity as well. Sili and Vincenzini presented some beautiful micrographs showing polar germination of Cyanospira akinetes. Bill Buikema and Bob Haselkorn reported obtaining up to 15% heterocysts along a filament by overexpressing hetR transcription in Anabaena PCC 7120 containing a plasmid with hetR behind the copper inducible petE promoter. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Itwill be interesting to see if HetR is a point of control for increasing the frequency of heterocysts in symbiotic systems. Bill Buikema is investigating the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as an alternative reporter to luxAB in cyanobacteria. Expression of GFP is easy to detect and has advantages over luxAB in not requiring a substrate or oxygen for activity but, unlike luxAB, it is apparently toxic at high concentrations. As was repeatedly stressed, luxAB can serve as a useful reporter even without a $140,000 photometer. Several different sized transcripts per gene, whether due to multiple promoters or processing of larger transcripts, appears to be a common theme in cyanobacteria. For example, Mike Summers reported 16 different transcripts within the 4 gene zwf region, encoding glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. As the case with most cyanobacterial transcripts, it is unknown how the levels of the specific mRNAs are regulated. In a poster, Martin Mulligan et al. showed the ubiquity of RNA-binding proteins in cyanobacteria. These proteins are known to have a variety of functions in eukaryotes (including in chloroplasts, where post-transcriptional regulation predominate). Regarding hormogonia differentiation, I reported that in Nostoc ATCC 29133, just 2 bases upstream from a gene involved in decreasing sensitivity to a hormogonia inducing factor, there is a gene with homology to the same family of NAD(P)H-oxidoreductases that includes hetN. Perhaps proteins of this family are of use in the production or modification of signals affecting cyanobacterial differentiation. In two posters from Dave Adams' lab, S. Babic reported the isolation and initial characterization of mutants in hormogonium formation and H. Doherty reported cloning ftsZ from A. 7120; future work will examine whether ftsZ expression is regulated early in hormogonium development. Doug Campbell has found that hormogonium differentiation in Calothrix is favored by signals that inhibit heterocyst formation and vice versa. The role, if any, of the PII protein (encoded by glnB) in a hormogonia/heterocyst differentiation-signaling pathway is still under investigation. --Mike Cohen ============================================================================== REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*REFERENCES*R ============================================================================== ****** EVOLUTION, SYSTEMATICS, and PROCHLOROPHYTES ****** Neilan BA, Cox PT, Hawkins PR, Goodman AE (1994). 16S Ribosomal RNA gene sequence and phylogeny of toxic Microcystis sp (cyanobacteria). DNA Sequence 4:333-337 Schlosser UG (1994). SAG - Sammlung von Algenkulturen at the University of Gottingen - Catalogue of Strains 1994. Bot Acta 107:113-186 Skulberg OM, Cronberg G (1994). The 12th Symposium of the International Association for Cyanophyte Research. Arch Hydrobiol/Suppl 105, Algological Studies 75:1-9 Alber BE, Ferry JG (1994). A carbonic anhydrase from the archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:6909-6913 Lazcano A, Miller SL (1994). How long did it take for life to begin and evolve to cyanobacteria? J Mol Evol 39:546-554 Luttke A, Maier TL, Schenk HEA (1994). Codon usage adaptation in the ferredoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase of Cyanophora paradoxa upon translocation from cyanoplast to nucleus. Gene 146:123-127 Nelissen B, Wilmotte A, Neefs JM, Dewachter R (1994). Phylogenetic relationships among filamentous helical cyanobacteria investigated on the basis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis. 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Biochim Biophys Acta 1222:306- 308 Vermaas WFJ (1994). Evolution of heliobacteria: Implications for photosynthetic reaction center complexes. Photosynth Res 41:285-294 Wilmotte A, Neefs JM, Dewachter R (1994). Evolutionary affiliation of the marine nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Trichodesmium sp strain NIBB 1067, derived by 16S ribosomal RNA sequence analysis. Microbiology Uk 140(Part 8):2159-2164 ****** ECOLOGY and SYMBIOSIS ****** Cullen JJ, Neale PJ (1994). Ultraviolet radiation, ozone depletion, and marine photosynthesis. Photosynth Res 39:303-320 Geider RJ, Laroche J (1994). The role of iron in phytoplankton photosynthesis, and the potential for iron-limitation of primary productivity in the sea. Photosynth Res 39:275-301 Glibert PM, Bronk DA (1994). Release of dissolved organic nitrogen by marine diazotrophic cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3996-4000 Hammouda OHE, Elsheekh MM (1994). Response of freshwater phytoplanktonic algae Chlorella kessleri and Synechocystis PCC 6803 to anthelmintic activity of the wild Egyptian plant Calendula micrantha officinalis . Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 27:406-409 Hayashi NR, Peerapornpisal Y, Nishihara H, Ishii M, Igarashi Y, Kodama T (1994). Isolation and cultivation of thermophilic cyanobacteria from hot springs of Northern Thailand. J Ferment Bioeng 78:179-181 Islam MS, Miah MA, Hasan MK, Sack RB, Albert MJ (1994). Detection of non- culturable Vibrio cholerae O1 associated with a cyanobacterium from an aquatic environment in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 88:298-299 Lange OL, Budel B, Zellner H, Zotz G, Meyer A (1994). Field measurements of water relations and CO2 exchange of the tropical, cyanobacterial basidiolichen Dictyonema glabratum in a Panamanian rainforest. Bot Acta 107:279-290 Lorenz MG, Wackernagel W (1994). Bacterial gene transfer by natural genetic transformation in the environment. Microbiol Rev 58:563-602 Palenik B (1994). Cyanobacterial community structure as seen from RNA polymerase gene sequence analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3212-3219 Risatti JB, Capman WC, Stahl DA (1994). Community structure of a microbial mat: The phylogenetic dimension. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:10173-10177 Suttle CA, Chan AM (1994). Dynamics and distribution of cyanophages and their effect on marine Synechococcus spp. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3167-3174 Ward DM, Panke S, Kloppel KD, Christ R, Fredrickson H (1994). Complex polar lipids of a hot spring cyanobacterial mat and its cultivated inhabitants. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3358-3367 Zavarzin GA, Gerasimenko LM, Zhilina TN (1993). Cyanobacterial Communities in Hypersaline Lagoons of Lake Sivash. Microbiology-Engl Tr 62:645-652 Canini A, Brandizzi F, Caiola MG (1994). Localization of calcium in the cyanobiont and gonidial zone of Cycas revoluta Thunb by microelectrodes, chlorotetracycline, electron spectroscopic imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Protoplasma 179:151-157 Gantar M, Rowell P, Kerby NW, Sutherland IW (1995). Role of extracellular polysaccharide in the colonization of wheat (Triticum vulgare L.) roots by N2-fixing cyanobacteria. Biol Fertil Soils 19:41-48 Hill DJ (1994). The nature of the symbiotic relationship in lichens. Endeavour 18:96-103 Leisner JMR, Bilger W, Czygan FC, Lange OL (1994). Light exposure and the composition of lipophilous carotenoids in cyanobacterial lichens. J Plant Physiol 143:514-519 Man HM, Silvester WB (1994). Interactions of H2 and carbon metabolism in moderating nitrogenase activity of the Gunnera/Nostoc symbiosis. Arch Microbiol 161:442-444 Palmqvist K, Samuelsson G, Badger MR (1994). Photobiont-related differences in carbon acquisition among green-algal lichens. Planta 195:70-79 Schussler A, Mollenhauer D, Schnepf E, Kluge M (1994). Geosiphon pyriforme, an Endosymbiotic Association of Fungus and Cyanobacteria - The Spore Structure Resembles That of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) Fungi. Bot Acta 107:36-45 ****** TOXINS and NATURAL SUBSTANCES ****** Bagchi SN, Marwah JB (1994). Production of an algicide from cyanobacterium Fischerella species which inhibits photosynthetic electron transport. Microbios 79:187-193 Boukouvalas J, Maltais F, Lachance N (1994). Furanolate-based strategy for sequential 2,3,4-trisubstitution of butenolide: Total synthesis of nostoclides I and II. Tetrahedron Lett 35:7897-7900 Bruno M, Barbini DA, Pierdominici E, Serse AP, Ioppolo A (1994). Anatoxin-A and a Previously Unknown Toxin in Anabaena planctonica from Blooms Found in Lake Mulargia (Italy). Toxicon 32:369-373 Esch H, Hundeshagen B, Schneiderpoetsch H, Bothe H (1994). Demonstration of abscisic acid in spores and hyphae of the arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungus Glomus and in the N2-fixing cyanobacterium Anabaena variabilis. Plant Sci 99:9-16 Hemscheidt T, Puglisi MP, Larsen LK, Patterson GML, Moore RE, Rios JL, Clardy J (1994). Structure and biosynthesis of borophycin, a new boeseken complex of boric acid from a marine strain of the blue-green alga Nostoc linckia. J Org Chem 59:3467-3471 Kobayashi A, Kajiyama SI, Inawaka K, Kanzaki H, Kawazu K (1994). Nostodione A, a novel mitotic spindle poison from a blue-green alga Nostoc commune. Z Naturforsch C 49:464-470 Lawton LA, Edwards C, Codd GA (1994). Extraction and high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of microcystins in raw and treated waters. Analyst 119:1525-1530 Matsuura F, Hamada Y, Shioiri T (1994). Total synthesis of microginin, an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory pentapeptide from the blue- green alga Microcystis aeruginosa. Tetrahedron 50:11303-11314 Mori Y, Kawajiri N, Furukawa H, Moore RE (1994). Synthesis and absolute configuration of an isotactic nonamethoxy-1-pentacosene from the blue- green alga Scytonema ocellatum. Tetrahedron 50:11133-11142 Paik SG, Carmeli S, Cullingham J, Moore RE, Patterson GML, Tius MA (1994). Mirabimide E, an unusual N-acylpyrrolinone from the blue-green alga Scytonema mirabile: Structure determination and synthesis. J Am Chem Soc 116:8116-8125 Pergament I, Carmeli S (1994). Schizotrin A; A novel antimicrobial cyclic peptide from a Cyanobacterium. Tetrahedron Lett 35:8473-8476 Pyo D, Lee M (1994). Chemical analysis of microcystins RR and LR in cyanobacterium using a prepacked cyano cartridge. Chromatographia 39:427-430 Quick J, Saha B (1994). Protein kinase C modulators. Indolactams .2. Alkylation of 4-nitroindole by Grignard reagents. Synthesis of (-)-7-octylindolactam V. Tetrahedron Lett 35:8553-8556 Rudolph Bohner S, Mierke DF, Moroder L (1994). Molecular structure of the cyanobacterial tumor-promoting microcystins. FEBS Lett 349:319-323 Skulberg OM, Underdal B, Utkilen H (1994). Toxic waterblooms with cyanophytes in Norway - current knowledge. Arch Hydrobiol/Suppl 105, Algological Studies 75:279-289 Stratmann K, Belli J, Jensen CM, Moore RE, Patterson GML (1994). Aulosirazole, a novel solid tumor selective cytotoxin from the blue-green alga Aulosira fertilissima. J Org Chem 59:6279-6281 Stratmann K, Moore RE, Bonjouklian R, Deeter JB, Patterson GML, Shaffer S, Smith CD, Smitka TA (1994). Welwitindolinones, unusual alkaloids from the blue-green algae Hapalosiphon welwitschii and Westiella intricata. Relationship to fischerindoles and hapalindoles. J Am Chem Soc 116:9935- 9942 Trimurtulu G, Ohtani I, Patterson GML, Moore RE, Corbett TH,Valeriote FA, Demchik L (1994). Total structures ofcryptophycins, potent antitumor depsipeptides from the blue-green alga Nostoc sp. strain GSV 224. J Am Chem Soc 116:4729-4737 Tsuji K, Naito S, Kondo F, Watanabe MF, Suzuki S, Nakazawa H, Suzuki M, Shimada T, Harada K (1994). A clean-up method for analysis of trace amounts of microcystins in lake water. Toxicon 32:1251-1259 ****** TOXINS and NATURAL SUBSTANCES (Physiological Effects) ****** Carbis CR, Simons JA, Mitchell GF, Anderson JW, McCauley I (1994). A biochemical profile for predicting the chronic exposure of sheep to Microcystis aeruginosa, an hepatotoxic species of blue-green alga. Res Vet Sci 57:310-316 Honkanan RE, Codispoti BA, Tse K, Boynton AL (1994). Characterization of Natural Toxins with Inhibitory Activity Against Serine/Threonine Protein Phosphatases. Toxicon 32:339-350 Li M, Damuni Z (1994). Okadaic acid and microcystin-LR directly inhibit the methylation of protein phosphatase 2A by its specific methyltransferase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 202:1023-1030 Lu CB, Kumar R, Akita T, Joyner RW (1994). Developmental changes in the actions of phosphatase inhibitors on calcium current of rabbit heart cells. Pflugers Arch-Eur J Physiol 427:389-398 McDougall RJ, Tandy MW (1993). Coccidian/Cyanobacterium-Like Bodies as a Cause of Diarrhea in Australia. Pathology 25:375-378 Nishiwaki R, Ohta T, Sueoka E, Suganuma M, Harada K, Watanabe MF, Fujiki H (1994). Two significant aspects of microcystin-LR: Specific binding and liver specificity. Cancer Lett 83:283-289 Runnegar MT, Kong SM, Zhong YZ, Ge JL, Lu SC (1994). The role of glutathione in the toxicity of a novel cyanobacterial alkaloid cylindrospermopsin in cultured rat hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 201:235-241 Sakagami M, Muratake H, Natsume M (1994). Preparation of alkyl-substituted indoles in the benzene portion .12. enantiospecific synthesis of hapalindole O. Chem Pharm Bull Tokyo 42:1393-1398 Smith CD, Prinsep MR, Caplan FR, Moore RE, Patterson GML (1994). Reversal of multiple drug resistance by tolyporphin, a novel cyanobacterial natural product. Oncol Res 6:211-218 Terao K, Ohmori S, Igarashi K, Ohtani I, Watanabe MF, Harada KI, Ito E, Watanabe M (1994). Electron microscopic studies on experimental poisoning in mice induced by cylindrospermopsin isolated from blue-green alga Umezakia natans. Toxicon 32:833-843 Yamada N, Murakami N, Kawamura N, Sakakibara J (1994). Mechanism of an early lysis by fatty acids from axenic Phormidium tenue (musty odor-producing cyanobacterium) and its growth prolongation by bacteria. Biol Pharm Bull 17:1277-1281 Zhang ZJ, Zhao SM, Long FX, Zhang LF, Bai G, Shima H, Nagao M, Lee EYC (1994). A mutant of protein phosphatase-1 that exhibits altered toxin sensitivity. J Biol Chem 269:16997-17000 ****** PHYSIOLOGY ****** Agrawal SC (1994). Some chemical and biological properties of culture filtrate of Nostochopsis lobatus. Folia Microbiol Prague 39:133-136 Aiba H, Mizuno T (1994). A novel gene whose expression is regulated by the response-regulator, SphR, in response to phosphate limitation in Synechococcus species PCC 7942. Mol Microbiol 13:25-34 Avendano MD, Valiente EF (1994). Effect of sodium on phosphate uptake in unicellular and filamentous cyanobacteria. Plant Cell Physiol 35:1097- 1101 Berkelman T, Garretengele P, Hoffman NE (1994). The pacL gene of Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 encodes a Ca2+-transporting ATPase. J Bacteriol 176:4430-4436 Falkner G, Wagner F, Falkner R (1994). The relation between phosphate uptake and growth of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. C R Acad Sci [III] 317:535-541 Goncharova IG, Gerasimenko LM (1993). Dynamics of Inorganic Phosphorus Consumption by Microcoleus chthonoplastes Cells. Microbiology-Engl Tr 62:611-615 Mann NH, Scanlan DJ (1994). The SphX protein of Synechococcus species PCC 7942 belongs to a family of phosphate-binding proteins. Mol Microbiol 14:595- 596 Singh SS, Tiwari SP, Abraham J, Rai S, Rai AK (1994). Magnetobiological effects on a cyanobacterium, Anabaena doliolum. Electro Magnetobiol 13:227-235 CIRCADIAN RHYTHM Brody S (1994). Circadian rhythms in microorganisms. Res Microbiol 145:499-501 Chou WM, Chou HM, Yuan HF, Shaw JF, Huang TC (1994). The aerobic nitrogen- fixing Synechococcus RF-1 containing uncommon polyglucan granules and multiple forms of alpha-amylase. Curr Microbiol 29:201-205 Chow TJ, Tabita FR (1994). Reciprocal light-dark transcriptional control of nif and rbc expression and light-dependent posttranslational control of nitrogenase activity in Synechococcus sp. strain RF-1. J Bacteriol 176:6281-6285 Huang TC, Pen SY (1994). Induction of a circadian rhythm in Synechococcus RF-1 while the cells are in a ''suspended state''. Planta 194:436-438 Ikemoto H, Mitsui A (1994). Diazotrophic synchronous growth of a marine unicellular cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp strain Miami BG 043511, under aerobic and microaerobic/anaerobic conditions. Microbiology Uk 140(Part 8):2153-2158 Kondo T, Tsinoremas NF, Golden SS, Johnson CH, Kutsuna S, Ishiura M (1994). Circadian clock mutants of cyanobacteria. Science 266:1233-1236 Kumazawa S, Mitsui A (1994). Efficient hydrogen photoproduction by synchronously grown cells of a marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp Miami BG 043511, under high cell density conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 44:854-858 Mitsui A, Suda S (1995). Alternative and cyclic appearance of H-2 and O-2 photoproduction activities under non-growing conditions in an aerobic nitrogen-fixing unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. Curr Microbiol 30:1-6 Rojek R, Harms C, Hebeler M, Grimme LH (1994). Cyclic variations of photosynthetic activity under nitrogen fixing conditions in Synechococcus RF-1. Arch Microbiol 162:80-84 Sode K, Hatano N, Tatara M (1994). Pseudo-continuous culture of marine recombinant cyanobacteria under a light dark cycle. Biotechnol Lett 16:973-976 MEMBRANES & LIPIDS Gombos Z, Wada H, Murata N (1994). The recovery of photosynthesis from low- temperature photoinhibition is accelerated by the unsaturation of membrane lipids: A mechanism of chilling tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8787-8791 Hitz WD, Carlson TJ, Booth JR, Kinney AJ, Stecca KL, Yadav NS (1994). Cloning of a higher-plant plastid omega-6 fatty acid desaturase cDNA and its expression in a cyanobacterium. Plant Physiol 105:635-641 Los DA, Murata N (1994). Low-temperature induced accumulation of the desaturase gene transcript in Synechocystis PCC 6803 results from both acceleration of transcription and increase in mRNA stability. Russ J Plant Physiol 41:147-151 ([Engl]) Norling B, Mirzakhanian V, Nilsson F, Morre DJ, Andersson B (1994). Subfractional Analysis of Cyanobacterial Membranes and Isolation of Plasma Membranes by Aqueous Polymer 2-Phase Partitioning. Anal Biochem 218:103-111 Quoc KP, Dubacq JP, Demandre C, Mazliak P (1994). Comparative effects of exogenous fatty acid supplementations on the lipids from the cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Plant Physiol Biochem 32:501-509 Sakamoto T, Los DA, Higashi S, Wada H, Nishida I, Ohmori M, Murata N (1994). Cloning of omega 3 desaturase from cyanobacteria and its use in altering the degree of membrane-lipid unsaturation. Plant Mol Biol 26:249-263 Sakamoto T, Wada H, Nishida I, Ohmori M, Murata N (1994). Delta 9 acyl-lipid desaturases of cyanobacteria -Molecular cloning and substrate specificities in terms of fatty acids, sn-positions, and polar head groups. J Biol Chem 269:25576-25580 Sato N (1994). Effect of Exogenous Glucose on the Accumulation of Monoglucosyl Diacylglycerol in the Cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC -6803. Plant Physiol Biochem 32:121-126 Stocker A, Netscher T, Ruttimann A, Muller RK, Schneider H, Todaro LJ, Derungs G, Woggon WD (1994). The reaction mechanism of chromanol-ring formation catalyzed by tocopherol cyclase from Anabaena variabilis KUTZING (Cyanobacteria). Helv Chim Acta 77:1721-1737 Xu CH, Nejidat A, Belkin S, Boussiba S (1994). Isolation and characterization of the plasma membrane by two-phase partitioning from the alkalophilic cyanobacterium Spirulina platensis. Plant Cell Physiol 35:737-741 STRESS RESPONSES Apte SK, Alahari A (1994). Role of alkali cations (K+ and Na+) in cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation and adaptation to salinity and osmotic stress. Indian J Biochem Biophys 31:267-279 Dwivedi A, Srinivas UK, Singh HN, Kumar HD (1994). Regulatory effect of external pH on the intracellular pH in alkalophilic cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa and Hapalosiphon welwitschii. J Gen Appl Microbiol Tokyo 40:261-263 Galinski EA, Truper HG (1994). Microbial behaviour in salt-stressed ecosystems. FEMS Microbiol Rev 15:95-108 Hagemann M, Erdmann N (1994). Activation and pathway of glucosylglycerol synthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803. Microbiology Uk 140(Part 6):1427-1431 Iyer V, Fernandes T, Apte SK (1994). A role for osmotic stress-induced proteins in the osmotolerance of a nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp strain L-31. J Bacteriol 176:5868-5870 Onana B, Jeanjean R, Joset F (1994). Gene stpA involved in the establishement of salt tolerance in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Russ J Plant Physiol 41:152-159 ([Engl]) Potts M (1994). Desiccation tolerance of prokaryotes. Microbiol Rev 58:755-805 Rodriguez R, Guerrero MG, Lara C (1994). Mechanism of sodium/nitrate symport in Anacystis nidulans R2. Biochim Biophys Acta 1187:250-254 Bender J, Rodriguez Eaton S, Ekanemesang UM, Phillips P (1994). Characterization of metal-binding bioflocculants produced by the cyanobacterial component of mixed microbial mats. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2311-2315 Mallick N, Pandey S, Rai LC (1994). Involvement of a cadmium-induced low molecular weight protein in regulating cadmium toxicity in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Anabaena doliolum. Biometals 7:299-304 Mallick N, Rai LC (1994). Kinetic Studies of Mineral Uptake and Enzyme Activities of Anabaena doliolum Under Metal Stress. J Gen Appl Microbiol Tokyo 40:123-133 Takeshima Y, Takatsugu N, Sugiura M, Hagiwara H (1994). High-level expression of human superoxide dismutase in the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans 6301. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9685-9689 Webb R, Troyan T, Sherman D, Sherman LA (1994). MapA, an iron-regulated, cytoplasmic membrane protein in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J Bacteriol 176:4906-4913 NITROGEN METABOLISM Capone DG, Ferrier MD, Carpenter EJ (1994). Amino acid cycling in colonies of the planktonic marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium thiebautii. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:3989-3995 Dallachiesa M, Mayers SR, Maskell DJ, Nixon PJ, Barber J (1994). An aroA homologue from Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Gene 144:145-146 Floriano B, Herrero A, Flores E (1994). Analysis of expression of the argC and argD genes in the Cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol 176:6397-6401 Luque I, Flores E, Herrero A (1994). Molecular mechanism for the operation of nitrogen control in cyanobacteria. EMBO J 13:2862-2869 ([Corrected 13:5794]) Mahasneh IA, Mishra AK, Tiwari DN (1994). Transposon-induced mutants of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp PCC 7120 capable of ammonia liberation. Biotechnol Lett 16:765-770 Merritt MV, Sid SS, Mesh L, Allen MM (1994). Variations in the amino acid composition of cyanophycin in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6308 as a function of growth conditions. Arch Microbiol 162:158-166 Sawa Y, Tani M, Murata K, Shibata H, Ochiai H (1994). Purification and characterization of alanine dehydrogenase from a cyanobacterium, Phormidium lapideum. J Biochem Tokyo 116:995-1000 Shakila TM, Rao NS, Bagchi SN (1994). Oxidative and hydrolytic transformations of hydroxylamine compounds in cyanobacteria. Arch Microbiol 162:282-285 Singh S (1994). Inorganic nitrogen control of methylammonium (ammonium) transport activity in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp. Ind J Exp Biol 32:427-430 Singh S, Bisen PS (1994). Evidence for the role of intracellular glutamine level in the regulation of glutamine uptake in the cyanobacterium Anabaena 7120. Curr Microbiol 29:319-322 Singh S, Bisen PS (1994). Inhibition of nitrite reductase and urease by arginine and proline in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cycadeae. J Basic Microbiol 34:401-404 Singh Y, Kumar HD (1994). Physiological characterization of chlorate-resistant mutants of the cyanobacterium Spirulina major. J Basic Microbiol 34:345- 350 Stevens SE, Smith RL (1994). Isolation and characterization of five genotypic mutants of chlorate-resistant cyanobacteria unable to utilize nitrate. Curr Microbiol 29:311-318 NITROGENASE, HYDROGENASE, and DIFFERENTIATION Angeloni SV, Potts M (1994). Analysis of the sequences within and flanking the cyanoglobin-encoding gene, glbN, of the cyanobacterium Nostoc commune UTEX 584. Gene 146:133-134 Bar E, Telor E (1994). Effect of light and oxygen on nitrogenase activity and dinitrogenase reductase (Fe-protein) content in Azolla-Anabaena association. J Plant Physiol 144:438-443 Beesley CE, Smith RJ, Temple SJ, Lea PJ (1994). Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding dinitrogenase reductase (nifH) from the cyanobacterium Nostoc 6720. Biochim Biophys Acta 1219:548-550 Brass S, Westermann M, Ernst A, Reuter W, Wehrmeyer W, Boger P (1994). Utilization of light for nitrogen fixation by a new Synechocystis strain is extended by its low photosynthetic efficiency. Appl Environ Microbiol 60:2575-2583 Du CG, Reade JPH, Rogers LJ, Gallon JR (1994). Dinitrogenase reductase ADP- ribosyl transferase and dinitrogenase reductase activating glycohydrolase in Gloeothece. Biochem Soc Trans 22:S332 Janson S, Carpenter EJ, Bergman B (1994). Compartmentalisation of nitrogenase in a non-heterocystous cyanobacterium: Trichodesmium contortum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 118:9-14 Misra HS, Tuli R (1994). Uncoupling of photosystems during light dependent dinitrogen fixation by a non-heterocystous cyanobacterium Plectonema boryanum. Indian J Biochem Biophys 31:310-314 Rodriguez R, Garcia Gonzalez M, Guerrero MG, Lara C (1994). Ammonium-sensitive protein kinase activity in plasma membranes of the cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans. FEBS Lett 350:19-23 Sanzalferez S, del Campo FF (1994). Relationship between nitrogen fixation and nitrate metabolism in the Nodularia strains M1 and M2. Planta 194:339- 345 Hahn D, Kuck U (1994). Biochemical and molecular genetic basis of hydrogenases. Process Biochem 29:633-644 Luo YH, Mitsui A (1994). Hydrogen production from organic substrates in an aerobic nitrogen-fixing marine unicellular Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp strain Miami BG 043511. Biotechnol Bioeng 44:1255-1260 Fernandez-Piдas F, Leganes F, Wolk CP (1994). A third genetic focus required for the formation of heterocysts in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol 176:5277-5283 Frias JE, Flores E, Herrero A (1994). Requirement of the regulatory protein NtcA for the expression of nitrogen assimilation and heterocyst development genes in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC 7120. Mol Microbiol 14:823-832 Leganes F (1994). Genetic evidence that hepA gene is involved in the normal deposition of the envelope of both heterocysts and akinetes in Anabaena variabilis ATCC 29413. FEMS Microbiol Lett 123:63-67 Sili C, Ena A, Materassi R, Vincenzini M (1994). Germination of desiccated aged akinetes of alkaliphilic cyanobacteria. Arch Microbiol 162:20-25 Singh S, Bisen PS (1994). Role of glutamine synthetase activity in the urea regulation of heterocyst and nitrogenase formation in the cyanobacterium Anabaena cycadeae. J Basic Microbiol 34:191-195 Wei TF, Ramasubramanian TS, Golden JW (1994). Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 ntcA gene required for growth on nitrate and heterocyst development. J Bacteriol 176:4473-4482 CARBON METABOLISM Badger MR, Price GD (1994). The role of carbonic anhydrase in photosynthesis. Annu Rev Plant Physiol:45369-45392 Beuf L, Bedu S, Durand MC, Joset F (1994). A protein involved in co-ordinated regulation of inorganic carbon and glucose metabolism in the facultative photoautotrophic cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Plant Mol Biol 25:855-864 Charng YY, Iglesias AA, Preiss J (1994). Structure-function relationships of cyanobacterial ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase - Site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification of the activator-binding sites of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase from Anabaena PCC 7120. J Biol Chem 269:24107-24113 Haining RL, McFadden BA (1994). Active-site histidines in recombinant cyanobacterial ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase examined by site-directed mutagenesis. Photosynth Res 41:349-356 Li LA, Tabita FR (1994). Transcription control of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase activase and adjacent genes in Anabaena species. J Bacteriol 176:6697-6706 Muller C, Tsuzuki M, Shiraiwa Y, Senger H (1994). Carbon affinity adaptation of Synechococcus and its phycocyanin mutant to various CO2 concentrations and light intensities. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 26:97-101 Read BA, Tabita FR (1994). High substrate specificity factor ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase from eukaryotic marine algae and properties of recombinant cyanobacterial rubisco containing `algal' residue modifications. Arch Biochem Biophys 312:210-218 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Barber J, Andersson B (1994). Revealing the blueprint of photosynthesis. Nature 370:31-34 Dechazal NM, Smith GD (1994). Characterization of a brown Nostoc species from Java that is resistant to high light intensity and UV. Microbiology Uk 140(Part 11):3183-3189 Homer-Dixon JA, Gantt E, Bruce D (1994). Pigment orientation changes accompanying the light state transition in Synechococcus sp PCC 6301. Photosynth Res 40:35-44 Marraccini P, Cassierchauvat C, Bulteau S, Chavez S, Chauvat F (1994). Light- regulated promoters from Synechocystis PCC 6803 share a consensus motif involved in photoregulation. Mol Microbiol 12:1005-1012 McColl SM, Evans EH (1994). Sidedness in cyanobacterial thylakoid membranes. Biochem Soc Trans 22:S94 Miller AG, Espie GS (1994). Photosynthetic metabolism of cyanate by the cyanobacterium Synechococcus UTEX 625. Arch Microbiol 162:151-157 Rouag D, Dominy P (1994). State adaptations in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 6301 (PCC ): Dependence on tight intensity or spectral composition? Photosynth Res 40:107-117 Sherman DM, Troyan TA, Sherman LA (1994). Localization of membrane proteins in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp PCC 7942 - Radial asymmetry in the photosynthetic complexes. Plant Physiol 106:251-262 Vangrondelle R, Dekker JP, Gillbro T, Sundstrom V (1994). Energy transfer and trapping in photosynthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta 1187:1-65 Warner KM, Bullerjahn GS (1994). Light-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation in the cyanobacterium Prochlorothrix hollandica. Plant Physiol 105:629-633 PHOTOSYSTEM I Armbrust TS, Odom WR, Guikema JA (1994). Structural analysis of photosystem I polypeptides using chemical crosslinking. J Exp Zool 269:205-211 Fromme P, Schubert WD, Krauss N (1994). Structure of photosystem I: Suggestions on the docking sites for plastocyanin, ferredoxin and the coordination of P700. Biochim Biophys Acta 1187:99-105 Gobets B, Vanamerongen H, Monshouwer R, Kruip J, Rogner M, Vangrondelle R, Dekker JP (1994). Polarized site-selected fluorescence spectroscopy of isolated photosystem I particles. Biochim Biophys Acta 1188:75-85 Kruip J, Bald D, Boekema E, Rogner M (1994). Evidence for the existence of trimeric and monomeric Photosystem I complexes in thylakoid membranes from cyanobacteria. Photosynth Res 40:279-286 Mannan RM, Pakrasi HB, Sonoike K (1994). The PsaC protein is necessary for the stable association of the PsaD, PsaE, and PsaL proteins in the photosystem I complex: Analysis of a cyanobacterial mutant strain. Arch Biochem Biophys 315:68-73 Setif PQY, Bottin H (1994). Laser flash absorption spectroscopy study of ferredoxin reduction by photosystem I in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803: Evidence for submicrosecond and microsecond kinetics. Biochemistry 33:8495-8504 Vanhaeringen B, Dekker JP, Bloemendal M, Rogner M, Vangrondelle R, Vanamerongen H (1994). Simultaneous measurement of electric birefringence and dichroism. A study on photosystem 1 particles. Biophys J 67:411-417 Woolf VM, Wittmershaus BP, Vermaas WFJ, Tran TD (1994). Resolution of low- energy chlorophylls in photosystem I of Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 at 77 and 295 K through fluorescence excitation anisotropy. Photosynth Res 40:21-34 Xu Q, Armbrust TS, Guikema JA, Chitnis PR (1994). Organization of photosystem I polypeptides. A structural interaction between the PsaD and PsaL subunits. Plant Physiol 106:1057-1063 Xu QA, Guikema JA, Chitnis PR (1994). Identification of surface-exposed domains on the reducing side of photosystem I. Plant Physiol 106:617-624 Xu Q, Jung YS, Chitnis VP, Guikema JA, Golbeck JH, Chitnis PR (1994). Mutational analysis of photosystem I polypeptides in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 - Subunit requirements for reduction of NADP+ mediated by ferredoxin and flavodoxin. J Biol Chem 269:21512-21518 Xu Q, Odom WR, Guikema JA, Chitnis VP, Chitnis PR (1994). Targeted deletion of psaJ from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp PCC 6803 indicates structural interactions between the PsaJ and PsaF subunits of photosystem I. Plant Mol Biol 26:291-302 PHOTOSYSTEM II Anbudurai PR, Mor TS, Ohad I, Shestakov SV, Pakrasi HB (1994). The ctpA gene encodes the C-terminal processing protease for the D1 protein of the photosystem II reaction center complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:8082- 8086 Barber J (1994). Photosystem II: No longer the black box of photosynthesis. Biochem Soc Trans 22:313-318 Burnap RL, Qian M, Shen JR, Inoue Y, Sherman LA (1994). Role of disulfide linkage and putative intermolecular binding residues in the stability and binding of the extrinsic manganese-stabilizing protein to the photosystem II reaction center. Biochemistry 33:13712-13718 Derose VJ, Mukerji I, Latimer MJ, Yachandra VK, Sauer K, Klein MP (1994). Comparison of the manganese oxygen-evolving complex in photosystem II of spinach and Synechococcus sp. with multinuclear manganese model compounds by X-ray absorption spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 116:5239-5249 Elanskaya IV, Allakhverdiev SI, Boichenko VA, Klimov VV, Demeter S, Timofeev KN, Shestakov SV (1994). Photochemical characterization of cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 mutants with impaired photosystem II proteins. Biochemistry-Engl Tr 59:929-934 Gleiter HM, Haag E, Shen JR, Eatonrye JJ, Inoue Y, Vermaas WFJ, Renger G (1994). Functional characterization of mutant strains of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 lacking short domains within the large, lumen-exposed loop of the chlorophyll protein CP47 in photosystem II. Biochemistry 33:12063-12071 Han KC, Shen JR, Ikeuchi M, Inoue Y (1994). Chemical crosslinking studies of extrinsic proteins in cyanobacterial photosystem II. FEBS Lett 355:121- 124 Mamedov MD, Beshta OE, Samuilov VD, Semenov AY (1994). Electrogenicity at the secondary quinone acceptor site of cyanobacterial photosystem II. FEBS Lett 350:96-98 Mamedov MD, Lovyagina ER, Verkhovskii MI, Semenov AY, Cherepanov DA, Shinkarev VP (1994). Generation of electric potential difference by Photosystem II from thermophilic cyanobacteria. Biochemistry-Engl Tr 59:685-689 Nishiyama Y, Hayashi H, Watanabe T, Murata N (1994). Photosynthetic oxygen evolution is stabilized by cytochrome c550 against heat inactivation in Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002. Plant Physiol 105:1313-1319 Nixon PJ, Diner BA (1994). Analysis of water-oxidation mutants constructed in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biochem Soc Trans 22:338- 343 Putnam-Evans C, Bricker TM (1994). Site-directed mutagenesis of the CP47 protein of photosystem II: Alteration of the basic residue (448)R to (448)G prevents the assembly of functional photosystem II centers under chloride-limiting conditions. Biochemistry 33:10770-10776 Raval MK, Ramaswamy NK, Nair PM (1994). Mechanism of Mn-II oxidation by the extrinsic 33 kDa protein of photosystem II. Plant Sci 98:141-150 Shen GZ, Vermaas WFJ (1994). Mutation of chlorophyll ligands in the chlorophyll-binding CP47 protein as studied in a Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 photosystem I-less background. Biochemistry 33:7379-7388 Shestakov SV, Anbudurai PR, Stanbekova GE, Gadzhiev A, Lind LK, Pakrasi HB (1994). Molecular cloning and characterization of the ctpA gene encoding a carboxyl-terminal processing protease -Analysis of a spontaneous photosystem II-deficient mutant strain of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. J Biol Chem 269:19354-19359 Soitamo AJ, Zhou G, Clarke AK, Oquist G, Aro EM, Gustafsson P (1994). Over- production of the D1 protein of photosystem II reaction centre in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp PCC 7942. Plant Mol Biol 26:709-721 Spiller H, Stallings W, Tu CK, Gunasekaran M (1994). Dependence of H+ exchange and oxygen evolution on K+ in the marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp strain UTEX 2380. Can J Microbiol 40:257-265 Srivastava M, Bhaya D, Bose S (1994). Changes in the antenna size of photosystem I and photosystem II in Synechococcus sp strain PCC 7942 grown in the presence of SANDOZ 9785 - A photosystem II inhibitor. Photosynth Res 41:303-313 Srivastava M, Mohanty P, Bose S (1994). Alterations in the excitation energy distribution in Synechococcus PCC 7942 due to prolonged partial inhibition of Photosystem II. Comparison between inhibition caused by (a) presence of PS II inhibitor, (b) mutation in the D1 polypeptide of PS II. Biochim Biophys Acta 1186:1-11 Tommos C, Madsen C, Styring S, Vermaas W (1994). Point-mutations affecting the properties of tyrosine(D) in photosystem II. Characterization by isotopic labeling and spectral simulation. Biochemistry 33:11805-11813 Tsinoremas NF, Schaefer MR, Golden SS (1994). Blue and red light reversibly control psbA expression in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942. J Biol Chem 269:16143-16147 Tyystjarvi T, Aro EM, Jansson C, Maenpaa P (1994). Changes of amino acid sequence in PEST-like area and QEEET motif affect degradation rate of D1 polypeptide in photosystem II. Plant Mol Biol 25:517-526 PHYCOBILISOMES and CAROTENOIDS Bekasova OD, Sineshchekov VA, Brykina GD, Sineshchekova EV, Grishina LE (1994). Minor components in the pigment system of Nostoc muscorum and Mastigocladus laminosus. Biochemistry-Engl Tr 59:779-787 Bhalerao RP, Lind LK, Gustafsson P (1994). Cloning of the cpcE and cpcF genes from Synechococcus sp PCC 6301 and their inactivation in Synechococcus sp PCC 7942. Plant Mol Biol 26:313-326 Casey ES, Grossman A (1994). In vivo and in vitro characterization of the light-regulated cpcB2A2 promoter of Fremyella diplosiphon. J Bacteriol 176:6362-6374 Demidov AA (1994). Fluorescence polarization of triple-chromophore complexes with energy transfer. Appl Optics 33:6303-6306 Demidov AA (1994). Quantitative calculations of fluorescence polarization and absorption anisotropy kinetics of double- and triple-chromophore complexes with energy transfer. Biophys J 67:2184-2190 Demidov AA (1994). Determination of fluorescence polarization of double chromophore complexes. J Theor Biol 170:355-358 Demidov AA, Borisov AY (1994). Computer simulation of exciton jumping statistics and energy flow in C-phycocyanin of algae Agmenellum quadruplicatum in the presence of traps. Photochem Photobiol 60:46-52 Fairchild CD, Glazer AN (1994). Nonenzymatic bilin addition to the gamma subunit of an apophycoerythrin. J Biol Chem 269:28988-28996 Garnier F, Dubacq JP, Thomas JC (1994). Evidence for a transient association of new proteins with the Spirulina maxima phycobilisome in relation to light intensity. Plant Physiol 106:747-754 Gindt YM, Zhou JH, Bryant DA, Sauer K (1994). Spectroscopic studies of phycobilisome subcore preparations lacking key core chromophores: Assignment of excited state energies to the L[cm], с[18] and х[AP-B] chromophores. Biochim Biophys Acta 1186:153-162 Glazer AN, Gindt YM, Chan CF, Sauer K (1994). Selective disruption of energy flow from phycobilisomes to Photosystem I. Photosynth Res 40:167-173 Gottschalk L, Lottspeich F, Scheer H (1994). Reconstitution of an allophycocyanin trimer complex containing the C-terminal 21-23 kDa domain of the core-membrane linker polypeptide L[cm]. Z Naturforsch C 49:331-336 Maccoll R, Lam I, Choi CY, Kim J (1994). Exciton splitting in phycoerythrin 545. J Biol Chem 269:25465-25469 Schneider S, Jager W, Prenzel CJ, Brehm G, Sai PSM, Scheer H, Lottspeich F (1994). Photophysics of phycoerythrocyanins from the cyanobacterium Westiellopsis prolifica studied by time-resolved fluorescence and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering spectroscopy. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 26:75-85 Skibinski A, Planner A (1994). Spectral Properties of Mastigocladus laminosus Phycobilisomes Embedded in Poly(vinyl Alcohol) Films. J Photochem Photobiol B-Biol 23:213-223 Sobczyk A, Bely A, Demarsac NT, Houmard J (1994). A phosphorylated DNA-binding protein is specific for the red-light signal during complementary chromatic adaptation in cyanobacteria. Mol Microbiol 13:875-885 Szalontai B, Gombos Z, Csizmadia V, Bagyinka C, Lutz M (1994). Structure and interactions of phycocyanobilin chromophores in phycocyanin and allophycocyanin from an analysis of their resonance Raman spectra. Biochemistry 33:11823-11832 Westermann M, Ernst A, Brass S, Boger P, Wehrmeyer W (1994). Ultrastructure of cell wall and photosynthetic apparatus of the phycobilisome-less Synechocystis sp. strain BO 8402 and phycobilisome-containing derivative strain BO 9201. Arch Microbiol 162:222-232 Yamazaki T, Nishimura Y, Yamazaki I, Hirano M, Matsuura K, Shimada K, Mimuro M (1994). Energy migration in allophycocyanin-B trimer with a linker polypeptide: Analysis by the principal multi-component spectral estimation (PMSE) method. FEBS Lett 353:43-47 Zhao JQ, Zhu JC, Jiang LJ (1994). Computer Simulation on Kinetics of Primary Process in Photosynthesis 2. Energy Transfer in the beta-Subunits and Monomers in C-Phycocyanins. Sci China Ser B 37:831-841 Cunningham FX, Sun ZR, Chamovitz D, Hirschberg J, Gantt E (1994). Molecular structure and enzymatic function of lycopene cyclase from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp strain PCC 7942. Plant Cell 6:1107-1121 Hennig M, Grimm B, Jenny M, Muller R, Jansonius JN (1994). Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of wild-type and K272A mutant glutamate 1- semialdehyde aminotransferase from Synechococcus. J Mol Biol 242:591-594 Martinez Ferez I, Fernandez Gonzalez B, Sandmann G, Vioque A (1994). Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene coding for phytoene synthase from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Biochim Biophys Acta 1218:145-152 Mayer SM, Rieble S, Beale SI (1994). Metal requirements of the enzymes catalyzing conversion of glutamate to ы-aminolevulinic acid in extracts of Chlorella vulgaris and Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803. Arch Biochem Biophys 312:203-209 Schreiber U (1994). New emitter-detector-cuvette assembly for measuring modulated chlorophyll fluorescence of highly diluted suspensions in conjunction with the standard PAM fluorometer. Z Naturforsch C 49:646- 656 ELECTRON TRANSPORT and BIOENERGETICS Caffrey MS (1994). Strategies for the study of cytochrome c structure and function by site-directed mutagenesis. Biochimie 76:622-630 Diaz A, Navarro F, Hervas M, Navarro JA, Chavez S, Florencio FJ, Delarosa MA (1994). Cloning and correct expression in E. coli of the petJ gene encoding cytochrome c6 from Synechocystis 6803. FEBS Lett 347:173-177 Malakhov MP, Wada H, Los DA, Semenenko VE, Murata N (1994). A new type of cytochrome c from Synechocystis PCC 6803. J Plant Physiol 144:259-264 Mamedov MD (1994). Effect of thylakoid lipids on the activity of cytochrome bf complex. Biochemistry-Engl Tr 59:625-627 Meyer TE, Tollin G, Cusanovich MA (1994). Protein interaction sites obtained via sequence homology. The site of complexation of electron transfer partners of cytochrome c revealed by mapping amino acid substitutions onto three-dimensional protein surfaces. Biochimie 76:480-488 Ortega JM, Hervas M, Delarosa MA, Losada M (1994). 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ESR and ENDOR characterization of flavodoxin from Anabaena sp. PCC 7119. Biochem Soc Trans 22:S371 Navarro JA, Hervas M, Pueyo JJ, Medina M, Gomezmoreno C, Delarosa MA, Tollin G (1994). Laser flash-induced photoreduction of photosynthetic ferredoxins and flavodoxin by 5-deazariboflavin and by a viologen analogue. Photochem Photobiol 60:231-236 Poncelet M, Cassierchauvat C, Chauvat F (1994). Sequence of the flavodoxin- encoding gene from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Gene 145:153-154 Razquin P, Schmitz S, Fillat MF, Peleato ML, Bohme H (1994). Transcriptional and translational analysis of ferredoxin and flavodoxin under iron and nitrogen stress in Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120. J Bacteriol 176:7409- 7411 Vermaas WFJ (1994). Molecular-genetic approaches to study photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport in thylakoids from cyanobacteria. Biochim Biophys Acta 1187:181-186 Bakels RHA, Vanwalraven HS, Vanwielink JE, Vanderzwetdegraaff I, Krenn BE, Krab K, Berden JA, Kraayenhof R (1994). The effect of sulfite on the ATP hydrolysis and synthesis activity of membrane-bound H+-ATP synthase from various species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 201:487-492 Brown II, (1994). Is Ca2+ the third coupling ion? (Hypothesis). Biochem (Moscow) 59:1321-1323 Kanamaru K, Kashiwagi S, Mizuno T (1994). A copper-transporting P-type ATPase found in the thylakoid membrane of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus species PCC 7942. Mol Microbiol 13:369-377 Moezelaar R, Stal LJ (1994). Fermentation in the unicellular cyanobacterium Microcystis PCC 7806. Arch Microbiol 162:63-69 Phung LT, Ajlani G, Haselkorn R (1994). P-type ATPase from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus 7942 related to the human Menkes and Wilson disease gene products. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:9651-9654 Sand O, Petersen IM, Jorgen J, Iversen L (1994). Purification and some properties of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase from Synechococcus sp. Anton Leeuwenhoek Int J Gen M 65:133-142 Steinemann D, Lill H, Junge W, Engelbrecht S (1994). Over-production, renaturation and reconstitution of delta and epsilon subunits from chloroplast and cyanobacterial F-1. Biochim Biophys Acta 1187:354-359 Wernergrune S, Gunkel D, Schumann J, Strotmann H (1994). Insertion of a ''chloroplast-like'' regulatory segment responsible for thiol modulation into т-subunit of F0F1-ATPase of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis 6803 by mutagenesis of atpC. Mol Gen Genet 244:144-150 Vanderstaay GWM, Staehelin LA (1994). Biochemical characterization of protein composition and protein phosphorylation patterns in stacked and unstacked thylakoid membranes of the prochlorophyte Prochlorothrix hollandica. J Biol Chem 269:24834-24844 MOLECULAR GENETICS, EPISOMES, AND METABOLISM OF MACROMOLECULES Chemeresyuk NN, Elanskaya IV (1994). Cloning and Expression of Hordein B1-Gene of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) in cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and Escherichia coli. Genetika 30:1141-1145 Sarma TA, Singh R (1994). Isolation and Characterization of Temperature- Sensitive Mutants of Cyanophage-N-1. Acta Virol 38:11-16 Tsinoremas NF, Kutach AK, Strayer CA, Golden SS (1994). Efficient gene transfer in Synechococcus sp. strains PCC 7942 and PCC 6301 by interspecies conjugation and chromosomal recombination. J Bacteriol 176:6764-6768 Biniszkiewicz D, Cesnaviciene E, Shub DA (1994). Self-splicing group I intron in cyanobacterial initiator methionine tRNA: Evidence for lateral transfer of introns in bacteria. EMBO J 13:4629-4635 Fernandez-Piдas F, Wolk CP (1994). Expression of luxCD-E in Anabaena sp can replace the use of exogenous aldehyde for in vivo localization of transcription by luxAB. Gene 150:169-174 Houmard J (1994). Gene transcription in filamentous cyanobacteria. Microbiology Uk 140(Part 3):433-441 Pascual A, Vioque A (1994). Sequence and structure of the RNA subunit of RNase P from the cyanobacterium Pseudoanabaena sp. PCC 6903. Biochim Biophys Acta 1218:463-465 Schyns G, Sobczyk A, Demarsac NT, Houmard J (1994). Specific initiation of transcription at a cyanobacterial promoter with RNA polymerase purified from Calothrix sp. PCC 7601. Mol Microbiol 13:887-896 Tan XL, Varughese M, Widger WR (1994). A light-repressed transcript found in Synechococcus PCC 7002 is similar to a chloroplast-specific small subunit ribosomal protein and to a transcription modulator protein associated with х54. J Biol Chem 269:20905-20912 Soper BW, Reddy KJ (1994). Identification of a nuclease and host restriction- modification in the unicellular, aerobic nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Cyanothece sp. J Bacteriol 176:5565-5570 Yang XY, Daniel H, McFadden BA (1994). A facile method to study DNA synthesis in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Curr Microbiol 29:171-175 Yang XY, Daniell H, McFadden B (1994). In vitro replication of cyanobacterial plasmids from Synechocystis PCC 6803. Plasmid 32:195-207 Malakhov MP, Semenenko VE (1994). Codon usage in genes of cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC 6803. Russ J Plant Physiol 41:141-146 ([Engl]) Welsh PL, Johnson DR, Zhang YS, Breitenberger CA (1994). Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 fusB gene, located outside of the str operon, encodes a polypeptide related to protein synthesis factor EF-G. Plant Mol Biol 25:735-738 Kim M, Choi YK (1994). A new Synechococcus cyanophage from a reservoir in Korea. Virology 204:338-342 Koltukova NV, Kadyrova GK, Mendzhul MI, Muradov MM (1993). Effect of Cyanophage A-1 Reproduction on Proteolysis in the Cells of Anabaena variabilis. Microbiology-Engl Tr 62:627-629 Singh S, Bhatnagar A, Kashyap AK (1994). Energetics of cyanophage N-1 multiplication in the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Nostoc muscorum. Microbios 78:259-265 APPLIED CYANOBACTERIOLOGY Colwell FS, Pryfogle PA, Lee BD, Bishop CL (1994). Use of a cyanobacterium as a particulate tracer for terrestrial subsurface applications. J Microbiol Meth 20:93-101 Maquieira A, Elmahadi HAM, Puchades R (1994). Immobilized cyanobacteria for on-line trace metal enrichment by flow injection atomic absorption spectrometry. Anal Chem 66:3632-3638 Megharaj M, Madhavi DR, Sreenivasulu C, Umamaheswari A, Venkateswarlu K (1994). Biodegradation of Methyl Parathion by Soil Isolates of Microalgae and Cyanobacteria. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 53:292-297 Swain N, Rath B, Adhikary SP (1994). Growth response of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to herbicides and pesticides. J Basic Microbiol 34:197-204 Windhovel U, Geiges B, Sandmann G, Boger P (1994). Engineering Cyanobacterial Models Resistant to Bleaching Herbicides. Pestic Biochem Physiol 49:63- 71 Hayashi O, Katoh T, Okuwaki Y (1994). Enhancement of antibody production in mice by dietary Spirulina platensis. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 40:431-441 Skulberg OM (1994). Oscillatorialean cyanoprokaryotes and their application for algal culture technology. Arch Hydrobiol/Suppl 105, Algological Studies 75:265-278 Alhasan RH, Sorkhoh NA, Albader D, Radwan SS (1994). Utilization of hydrocarbons by cyanobacteria from microbial mats on oily coasts of the Gulf. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 41:615-619 Bockris JO, Bhardwaj RC, Tennakoon CLK (1994). Electrochemistry of waste removal - A review. Analyst 119:781-789 Kuritz T, Wolk CP (1995). Use of filamentous cyanobacteria for biodegradation of organic pollutants. Appl Environ Microbiol 61:234-238 ============================================================================== ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSES*ADDRESSE ============================================================================== Send CONTRIBUTIONS to one of the addresses listed below. There is no charge to receive the newsletter electronically, and you may receive the electronic version even weeks earlier than others would receive the printed version. To get on the ELECTRONIC MAILING LIST, send your name, telephone, fax, and E-mail numbers (if any), and a brief description of your research interests for inclusion in the next Directory of Cyanobacteriologists and the name and model number of printer(s) available to you. To obtain a PRINTED VERSION OF THE NEWSLETTER BY MAIL, send $10 U.S. (please, no checks except in U.S. currency) per year to Jeff Elhai, along with the same information mentioned above (except printer name). If it is difficult for you to send hard currency, send a note indicating your interest. AUSTRALIA Steve Delaney Department of Biotechnology, /NEW ZEALAND University of New South Wales, P.O. Box 1, Kensington, New South Wales AUSTRALIA 2033 (Tel) 02-697-2056 AUSTRIA Georg Schmetterer Institut fur Physikalische Chemie, Wahringerstrasse 42, A-1090 Wien (Tel) 43-1-31367-2555 (EMail) A8422dad@Awiuni11 CANADA Neil Strauss Dept. of Botany, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A1. (Tel) 416-978-3532/5563 (Fax) 416-978-5878 (E-mail) Straus@Botany.UToronto.Ca P.R.CHINA Chao-Tsi Tseng Centre of Marine Sciences, Dept. of Biology, Nanjing University, Nanjing. (Tel) 637551-2551 (Fax) 086025-302728 FRANCE Nicole Tandeau de Marsac Physiologie Microbienne, Institut Pasteur, 29 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15. (Tel) 567-46-98 (Fax) 40.56.01.25 (EMail) NTMarsac@Pasteur.Fr GERMANY Wolfgang Lockau Biochemie der Pflanzen, Fachbereich Biologie, Humboldt-UniversitДt, Invalidenstr. 42, 10 115 Berlin (Tel) 30-2897-2686 (Fax) 30-2897-2641 INDIA Joe Thomas Biotechnology Division, SPIC Science Foundation, 110 Mount Road, Madras 600 032. (Tel) 432342 (Fax) 432163 ISRAEL Elisha Tel-Or Dept. of Agricultural Botany, The Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100 (Tel) 08-481262 ITALY Mario Tredici Departimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Alimentari e Microbiologiche. Universita degli Studi di Firenze, P.le.delle Cascine 27 51044 Firenze. (Tel) 055-352051 (Fax) 055-330431 (E-mail) Tredici@Csma.Fi.Cnr.It NETHERLANDS Luuc Mur Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit voor Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 127, 1018 WS Amsterdam (Tel) 31-20-525-7056 (Fax) 31-20-525-5802 (E-mail) A417LMur@Horus.Sara.NL SCANDANAVIA Olav Skulberg Norwegian Institute for Water Research, P.O.box 69 Korsvall, N-0808 Oslo 8 NORWAY. (Tel) 47 22 185266 (Fax) 47 22 185200 U.K. Tony Walsby Dept. of Botany, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG. (Tel) 0272-303030 ANYWHERE ELSE Jeff Elhai Dept. of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, University Park Campus, Miami FL 33199 USA. (Tel) 305-348-3584, (Fax)305-348-1986 (E-mail) Cyano@Servax.Fiu.Edu